Gallenblasenkarzinome und Tumore der extrahepatischen Gallenwege

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Artikel befassen wir uns mit den Gallenblasenkarzinomen, sowie mit den extrahepatischen Cholangiokarzinomen, zu denen perihiläre und distale Tumore gehören. Allen diesen Tumorentitäten gemeinsam ist deren relative Seltenheit sowie die komplexe Diagnosestellung und Therapie, welche einen engen interdisziplinären Austausch erfordern. In der Therapieplanung hat ein differenzierter Einsatz der zur Verfügung stehenden diagnostischen Modalitäten zur präoperativen korrekten Einschätzung der Resektabilität dieser Tumore einen hohen Stellenwert. Insbesondere bei perihilären Cholangiokarzinomen (sogenannte Klatskin-Tumore), wo stets grössere Leberresektionen mit operativer Entfernung der extrahepatischen Gallengänge zum Erreichen einer R0-Resektion notwendig sind, ist eine detaillierte Planung des Eingriffes erforderlich. Diese muss, neben der Sicherstellung einer guten Perfusion und eines adäquaten biliären Abflusses der Leber, auch stets den Erhalt einer ausreichenden Reserve von funktionellem Leberparenchym sicherstellen. Hierzu können mittels Portalvenenembolisation und konsekutiver Hypertrophie des zukünftigen Restparenchyms auch ausgedehnte Resektionen ermöglicht werden. Für lokal fortgeschrittene perihiläre Tumore oder bei zugrundeliegender primär sklerosierenden Cholangitis kann als kurative Therapieoption eine Lebertransplantation nach neoadjuvanter Radiochemotherapie bei streng selektionierten Patienten in Betracht gezogen werden. Bei distalen Cholangiokarzinomen ist eine partielle Duodenopankreatektomie (Whipple-Operation) notwendig, während das Spektrum der operativen Behandlung der Gallenblasenkarzinome Stadien-gerecht, von einer einfachen Cholecystektomie bis zur ausgedehnten Leberresektion mit Rekonstruktion des biliären Abflusses und der vaskulären Versorgung reichen kann. Anschliessend erfolgt üblicherweise bei allen malignen biliären Tumoren eine adjuvante Chemotherapie mit Capecitabine. Im palliativen Setting kann hingegen Cisplatin-Gemcitabine das Überleben verbessern.

Rare Case of Periampullary Duodenal Carcinoma

Periampullary carcinoma is a malignancy that appears around the vatteri ampulla. This malignancy can originate from the pancreas, duodenum, and distal choledochal duct. Duodenal cancer is a very rare case, only about 0.3% of the gastrointestinal malignancies. Reported cases are increasing with the increasing use of esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The most frequently found carcinomas of the duodenum include adenocarcinoma, carcinoid, lymphoma, and leiomyosarcoma. The symptoms of these carcinomas are often not specific so the diagnosis is often late, leading to a poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and proper therapy provide a good prognosis. The case reported here representeda 52-year-old woman presented with hematemesis melena, anemia, jaundice, epigastric mass, right hypochondrial pain, and weight loss. From the esophagogastroduodenoscopy, the mass was found to obstruct half of the duodenum lumen and bleeding, which was easily triggered, was observed in the second part of the duodenum. CT scan revealed a mass in the head of the pancreas with gall bladder hydrops and obstruction of the intra and extra-hepatic billier system. After a Whipple operation Laparotomy, the histology showed papillary adenocarcinoma duodenum. Patients then underwen chemotherapy with 5 fluorouracil regimen. Patient's clinical condition is currently improving and no complaint is conveyed by the patient.

Treatment Modalities and the Role of Endoscopy for Delayed Gastric Emptying After Whipple Operation: Analysis of 53 Patients

Background Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is one of the most common complications after Whipple surgery. This situation delays postoperative oral food intake and prolongs hospitalization. Postoperative DGE often develops due to complications such as intra-abdominal abscess, collections, and anastomosis leaks, and these are called secondary DGE. The pathogenesis of primary DGE is still unknown, and there are insufficient data in the literature about the treatment. In this study, patients undergoing Whipple operation were examined separately as primary and secondary DGE. We discussed the causes and treatments of these patients, and also we aimed to present the therapeutic effect of endoscopy for primary DGE after the Whipple procedure. Methods From March 2014 to March 2018, data of 262 patients who underwent the Whipple procedure were collected prospectively. We observed that postoperative DGE developed in 53 (21.7%) patients. We retrospectively divided the patients by etiology into 2 groups as primary and secondary and graded DGE according to the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery. We defined patients who did not have secondary causes such as intra-abdominal abscess as primary DGE. Appropriate interventional procedures were performed for patients with secondary causes. We performed endoscopic intervention with therapeutic intent for patients who had primary DGE. Results The overall rate of DGE was 21.7% (n = 53) among 262 patients undergoing the Whipple procedure. It was observed that in 31 (58.5%) of these 53 patients, DGE was developed due to secondary causes. Interventional procedures were performed to these patients when necessary. A total of 22 (41.5%) patients developed primary DGE. Of these, 9 patients were grade A, 7 were grade B, and 6 were grade C. The mean duration of hospitalization for secondary DGE and primary DGE was 20.36 and 28.7 days, respectively. After endoscopic intervention with therapeutic intent to primary DGE patients, we observed that patients tolerated solid meal after 12 hours in grade B and after 26 hours in grade C patients. Conclusion Delayed gastric emptying, which is a common complication after Whipple operation and which deteriorates the quality of life and prolongs the duration of hospital stay, should be treated according to the cause. In secondary DGE, treatment modalities must be focused on intra-abdominal causes such as hematoma, collection, and abcess. We suggest that the primary DGE which is unresponsive to medical treatments could be treated endoscopically. After endoscopic intervention, patients with primary DGE can be started oral intake on the same day and discharged more quickly.

Total pancreatectomy and salvage completion pancreatectomy-early and late outcomes without Islet cell auto-transplantation

Background: Total pancreatectomy was abandoned for decades because of high peri and post-operative morbidity and mortality. However, with better peri-operative outcome and post-operative management of exocrine and endocrine insufficiency, the hesitancy to perform total pancreatectomy has been disappearing. Objectives: This study aims to study exocrinal and endocrinal effects of total pancreatectomy without Islet cell auto-transplantation and compare quality of life index among total pancreatectomy with Whipple patients. Methodology: This is a prospectively conducted matched-pairs study. Group A underwent total or completion pancreatectomy after non-salvageable complications of Whipple operation. A matched-pairs analysis of quality of life index of these patients by using SF-36 questionnaire were compared with Group B who underwent Whipple operation during the same period of time, according to age, gender and pre-operative diagnosis. Results: In four years (from February 2016 to February 2020), 160 patients underwent Whipple operation. The mean age of the patients was 59.9 +/-14.3 years. A total of nine patients underwent total pancreatectomy, among which two had per-operative decision of total pancreatectomy and seven had completion pancreatectomy. Median post-operative hospital stay was 11 days with two mortalities. Median follow-up of 12 months and quality of life index of total pancreatectomy patients were comparable to Whipple patients, although a few single quality of life items were reduced. Conclusion: Exocrinal pancreatic supplements and long acting insulin have augmented control of diabetes despite of not using Islet cell auto-transplantation. Quality of life index of total pancreatectomy patients were comparable to that of Whipple patients. Hence, this study signifies the importance of completion pancreatectomy following non-salvageable complications after Whipple operation in order to save life.

Operationsindikationen bei der chronischen Pankreatitis

ZusammenfassungDie chronische Pankreatitis stellt eine über die Jahre rezidivierende Erkrankung mit wiederkehrenden Entzündungsschüben der Bauchspeicheldrüse und gürtelförmigen Oberbauchschmerzen dar. Unbehandelt führt die chronische Pankreatitis zu rezidivierenden Schmerzen, die letztendlich häufig eine Therapie mit Opiaten erfordern. Die chronische Pankreatitis führt zu rezidivierenden Krankenhausaufenthalten der Betroffenen sowie zu sozioökonomischen Nachteilen für die Patienten. Im Verlauf kann es zu lokalen Folgen der chronischen Pankreatitis kommen wie Pseudozystenbildung, Gallengangstenose, Duodenalobstruktion oder portaler Hypertension. Ziel dieses Artikels ist die Darstellung der Indikationen zur chirurgischen Therapie für die chronische Pankreatitis. Zugrunde liegend ist eine systematische Literaturrecherche und Bewertung, die Erstellung von Schlüsselfragen nach dem PICO-Prinzip und die Evaluation der Indikationen in einem 3-stufigen Delphi-Verfahren unter den Mitgliedern der Arbeitsgruppe Pankreas und der Arbeitsgruppe Indikationsqualität der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie. Die chirurgische Resektion des entzündlichen Pankreaskopftumors nach einem primär konservativen Therapieversuch stellt eine hocheffiziente Therapie zur Kontrolle der Schmerzen und zur Vermeidung von Komplikationen bei der chronischen Pankreatitis dar. Hierfür stehen gut evaluierte duodenumerhaltende (Operationen nach Frey, Bern, Beger) und duodenumresezierende Verfahren (pyloruserhaltende Pankreaskopfresektion, Whipple-Operation) sowie Drainageoperationen zur Verfügung. Protrahierung der chirurgischen Therapie bei Versagen eines initialen konservativen Therapieversuchs kann zur Chronifizierung von Schmerzen, Kachexie und Malnutrition des Patienten und zur Erhöhung der Komplikationen bei der chirurgischen Therapie führen.

Afferent Loop Syndrome with Intestinal Ischemia due to Internal Hernia after Whipple Operation for T2N1M0 Pancreatic Cancer

Afferent loop syndrome is an uncommon complication of Whipple procedure. The often vague and non-specific presentation results in difficulty and/or delay in diagnosis, which may lead to bowel ischemia or perforation. CT can demonstrate characteristic features, yield the diagnosis of afferent loop syndrome, and predict the cause before surgical intervention. We present a rare etiology of acute afferent loop syndrome in a patient 6 weeks after Whipple procedure who was reportedly recovering well, which resulted in prompt surgical intervention.