A Needs-Driven, Multi-Objective Approach to Allocate Urban Ecosystem Services from 10,000 Trees

Urban areas face challenges including vehicular emissions, stormwater runoff, and sedentary lifestyles. Communities recognize the value of trees in mitigating these challenges by absorbing pollution and enhancing walkability. However, siting trees to optimize multiple benefits requires a systems approach that may cross sectors of management and expertise. We present a spatially-explicit method to optimize tree planting in Durham, NC, a rapidly growing urban area with an aging tree stock. Using GIS data and a ranking approach, we explored where Durham could augment its current stock of willow oaks through its plans to install 10,000 mid-sized deciduous trees. Data included high-resolution landcover metrics developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), demographics from the U.S. Census, an attributed roads dataset licensed to the EPA, and sidewalk information from the City of Durham. Census block groups (CBGs) were ranked for tree planting according to single and multiple objectives including stormwater reduction, emissions buffering, walkability, and protection of vulnerable populations. Prioritizing tree planting based on single objectives led to four sets of locations with limited geographic overlap. Prioritizing tree planting based on multiple objectives tended to favor historically disadvantaged CBGs. The four-objective strategy met the largest proportion of estimated regional need. Based on this analysis, the City of Durham has implemented a seven-year plan to plant 10,000 trees in priority neighborhoods. This analysis also found that any strategy which included the protection of vulnerable populations generated more benefits than others.

Evaluation of Low Impact Development Using EPA SWMM-LID Modeling

This study implemented the evaluation of Low Impact Development (LID) using SWMM-LID model developed by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), to assess the quantitative performance of LID facilities (seven type of LID facilities installed, vegetation place, plants garden pot, tree filter box, permeable pavement, infiltration ditch, rain barrel, infiltration rain-block). SWMM-LID modeling was useful to reflect the LID design into the model using the technical content representing LID facility in SWMM-LID. In the event-based result, the stormwater reduction was considerable since the reduction in average was 76.6% by the LID facilities. In the long- term result, the range of the reduction in average was 11.5~77.7% for seven types of LID facilities, and the average reduction for the total drainage area was 22.9%. The monthly reduction rate was affected by total rainfall depth and rainfall intensity.