Comparison of Segmentation Performance of Activated Sludge Flocs Using Bright-Field and Phase-Contrast Microscopy at Different Magnifications

Activated sludge (AS) is a type of process which is commonly used for the treatment of sewage and industrial wastewater. In this treatment process, the settling of the sludge flocs is important to ensure the normal functioning of the system, while sludge bulking has become a common and long-term problem that greatly affects floc settleability. Thus, methods based on image processing and analysis are introduced for monitoring AS wastewater treatment plants. However, the effectiveness of using image processing methods heavily depends on the performance of segmentation algorithms. The AS wastewater plant can be monitored through microscopic images of the flocs and filaments. Water samples are taken from the aeration tank of the wastewater plants and then observed using bright field and phase-contrast microscopy to compare the segmentation accuracy at different magnifications i.e., 4x, 10x, 20x, 40x. In this paper, three methods to segment and quantify the flocs in bright field and phase-contrast microscopy images have been analyzed. The first method is image segmentation using Bradley local thresholding method, the second method is texture segmentation using range filtering and Otsu’s thresholding and the third method is Gaussian Mixture Method based segmentation. The experimental results show that Gaussian Mixture Model Method gives the best segmentation accuracy for bright-field microscopy and 10x magnification gives the best results.

Rough Dental Implant Surfaces and Peri-Implantitis: Role of Phase-Contrast Microscopy, Laser Protocols, and Modified Home Oral Hygiene in Maintenance. A 10-Year Retrospective Study

The aim of this study was to evaluate two different kinds of rough implant surface and to assess their tendency to peri-implantitis disease, with a follow-up of more than 10 years. Data were obtained from a cluster of 500 implants with Ti-Unite surface and 1000 implants with Ossean surface, with a minimum follow-up of 10 years. Implants had been inserted both in pristine bone and regenerated bone. We registered incidence of peri-implantitis and other causes of implant loss. All patients agreed with the following maintenance protocol: sonic brush with vertical movement (Broxo), interdental brushes, and oral irrigators (Broxo) at least two times every day. For all patients with implants, we evaluated subgingival plaque samples by phase-contrast microscopy every 4 months for a period of more than 10-years. Ti-Unite surface implants underwent peri-implantitis in 1.6% of the total number of implants inserted and Ossean surface implants showed peri-implantitis in 1.5% of the total number of implants. The total percentage of implant lost was 4% for Ti-Unite surfaces and 3.6% for Ossean surfaces. Strict control of implants leads to low percentage of peri-implantitis even for rough surfaces dental implants.