Should I Stay or Should I Go? Tourists’ COVID-19 Risk Perception and Vacation Behavior Shift

Without a doubt, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a tremendous impact on global tourism for at least two reasons: (1) imposed systematic travel restrictions that discourage people from traveling even though they would like to; and (2) increased travel anxiety due to the perceived risk of the COVID-19 virus, causing people to change their typical travel behavior. This study aims to explore the role of Covid-19 in shaping future travel behavior. More specifically, following the general model of vacation behavior and the role of risk in travel behavior, we investigate how COVID-19 influences travelers’ perceptions of risk and how this affects planned vacation behavior. The results show that COVID-19 risk perception per se influences typical forms of vacation behavior, but this risk also leads to the development of travel anxiety, which additionally influences only some forms of vacation behavior. Empirical findings show that general anxiety, which is not associated with Covid-19 risk perception, also predicts some forms of planned changes in vacation behaviour. The study concludes with recommendations on how to reduce traveler uncertainty in order to recover international leisure travel.

Weekend light shifts evoke persistent Drosophila circadian neural network desynchrony

Billions of people subject themselves to phase-shifting light signals on a weekly basis by remaining active later at night and sleeping in later on weekends relative to weekday for up to a 3hr weekend light shift (WLS). Unnatural light signals disrupt circadian rhythms and physiology and behavior. Real-time light responses of mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus are unmeasurable at single cell resolution. We compared Drosophila whole-circadian circuit responses between unshifted daytime/nighttime schedule and a 3hr WLS schedule at the single-cell resolution in cultured adult Drosophila brains using real-time bioluminescence imaging of the PERIOD protein for 11 days to determine how light shifts alter biological clock entrainment and stability. We find that circadian circuits show highly synchronous oscillations across all major circadian neuronal subgroups in unshifted light schedules. In contrast, circadian circuits exposed to a WLS schedule show significantly dampened oscillator synchrony and rhythmicity in most circadian neurons during, and after exposure. The WLS schedule first desynchronizes lateral ventral neuron (LNv) oscillations and the LNv are the last to resynchronize upon returning to a simulated weekday schedule. Surprisingly, one circadian subgroup, the dorsal neuron group-3 (DN3s), robustly increase their within-group synchrony in response to WLS exposure. Intact adult flies exposed to the WLS schedule show post-WLS transient defects in sleep stability, learning, and memory. Our findings suggest that WLS schedules disrupt circuit-wide circadian neuronal oscillator synchrony for much of the week, thus leading to observed behavioral defects in sleep, learning, and memory.Significance StatementThe circadian clock controls numerous aspects of daily animal physiology, metabolism and behavior. Shift work in humans is harmful. Our understanding of circadian circuit-level oscillations stem from ex vivo imaging of mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) brain slices. However, our knowledge is limited to investigations without direct interrogation of phase-shifting light signals. We measured circuit-level circadian responses to a WLS protocol in light sensitive ex vivo Drosophila whole-brain preparation and find robust sub-circuit-specific oscillator desynchrony/resynchrony responses to light. These circuit-level behaviors correspond to our observed functional defects in learning and memory, and sleep pattern disruption in vivo. Our results reflect that WLS cause circadian-circuit desynchronization and correlate with disrupted cognitive and sleep performance.

Video-based patient education on carcinoid syndrome: Positive knowledge and behavior shift for patients.

e15697 Background: Carcinoid syndrome (CS) negatively affects quality of life (QOL), compromising physical, daily, and emotional functioning. Reticence to discuss symptoms, particularly debilitating diarrhea, perpetuates negative QOL, as does confusion of CS symptoms with other conditions and dietary challenges. To address these needs, we created video-based patient education activities with the Carcinoid Cancer Foundation (CCF) to empower patients with information and resources on CS facts, diagnosis, medical management, eating well and self-care. Methods: Two 1-hour patient education activities were broadcast live online and on-demand in 2017 and 2018 at CancerCoachLive.com , carcinoid.org, and Facebook Live for 6+ months. Features included panel discussions, slides, live polling and Q&A, and video vignettes of real patient experiences. Knowledge-focused test questions were administered at 3 time points (pre-activity, immediate post-activity, and 8-week [follow-up] post). Behavioral and communication-focused questions were also asked at follow up. Data from these questions, live poll responses, and learner-submitted questions pre-event and during live Q&A were analyzed to determine engagement, lessons learned and continuing patient needs. Results: In total, 1,893 patients took part in the activities, and attracted 39,821 Facebook engagements (“views”). Respondents (n = 116-119) reported: 57%, improved communication with their healthcare providers (HCPs) regarding CS; 44%, improved feeling of being “in-control” of health care decision; 31%, improved care behaviors for their health. Improved communication with their HCPs were specific to: their disease and symptoms, treatments, and diet. Changes in behaviors included: dietary changes, more “involved” in care decisions, asking questions of HCPs, and proactively learning about CS. Knowledge improvements were observed on 7 of 8 questions on CS facts, diet, and treatment (5 of 7 statistically significant; average effect size = 1.16; n averaged 382 pre and 96 post). Conclusions: Patient education on CS can yield immediate and sustained gains in knowledge and behavior, which may improve diagnosis, treatment, and improve patient QOL.

How Outcome Information Affects Ethical Attitudes and Intentions to Behave

ABSTRACT The purpose of this experiment is to examine how outcome information affects individual ethical attitudes and intentions to behave. In the present study, a scenario manager employs revenue manipulation by prematurely forcing a product through distribution channels. This investigation employs a 1 × 3 between-subjects and randomized experimental design where the scenario manager's unethical behavior is associated with three behavior-based organizational outcomes: favorable, moderately unfavorable, and unfavorable. We model individual ethical reasoning using the expanded Theory of Reasoned Action. Our findings suggest that the theory provides an appropriate and parsimonious fit for modeling individual ethical reasoning in the channel stuffing context. Specifically, we also find that as organizational outcomes of the scenario manager's coercive behavior shift from unfavorable to favorable, participants judge unethical behavior less harshly, a concerning finding for regulators and policymakers. These findings have significant implications for new revenue recognition standards, such as IFRS 15 and ASC 606. Data Availability: Data available upon request. Please contact the authors.

COMPLIMENT RESPONSE PATTERNS BETWEEN PERSIAN MALE AND FEMALE ENGLISH AND NON-ENGLISH TEACHERS

The present study aimed to investigate both the compliment response (CR) patterns between male and female English and non-English teachers and the eff ect of exposure to English on produced CRs. The study was conducted on 50 male and female English and 50 male and female non-English teachers. The teachers were chosen through nonrandomized sampling. Participants were asked to respond to a discourse completion test (DCT) which comprised eight complimenting situations. In order to investigate the eff ect of exposure to English on CR strategies, CRs produced by males and females in both groups were compared. The results revealed that at macro level, there were diff erences between females and males in the applied strategies in both groups. Regarding the eff ect of exposure on CRs and CR behavior, it was found that exposure to English infl uenced CR patterns and strategies. It was concluded that diff erent CR patterns implied cognitive diff erence between genders and their perception of appropriateness. CR behavior shift implied the occurrence of acculturation in CR patterns and strategies.

Nanopore Compositional Modeling in Unconventional Shale Reservoirs

Summary Understanding the mechanism of multicomponent mass transport in the nanopores of unconventional reservoirs, such as Eagle Ford, Niobrara, Woodford, and Bakken, is of great interest because it influences long-term economic development of such reservoirs. Thus, we began to examine the phase behavior and flow characteristics of multicomponent flow in primary production in nanoporous reservoirs. Besides primary recovery, our long-term objectives included enhanced oil production from such reservoirs. The first step was to evaluate the phase behavior in nanopores on the basis of pore-size distribution. This was motivated because the physical properties of hydrocarbon components are affected by wall proximity in nanopores as a result of van der Waals molecular interactions with the pore walls. For instance, critical pressure and temperature of hydrocarbon components shift to lower values as the nanopore walls become closer. In our research, we applied this kind of critical property shift to the hydrocarbon components of two Eagle Ford fluid samples. Then, we used the shifted phase characteristics in dual-porosity compositional modeling to determine the pore-to-pore flow characteristics, and, eventually, the flow behavior of hydrocarbons to the wells. In the simulation, we assigned three levels of phase behavior in the matrix and fracture pore spaces. In addition, the flow hierarchy included flow from matrix (nano-, meso-, and macropores) to macrofractures, from macrofractures to a hydraulic fracture (HF), and through the HF to the production well. From the simulation study, we determined why hydrocarbon fluids flow so effectively in ultralow-permeability shale reservoirs. The simulation also gave credence to the intuitive notion that favorable phase behavior (phase split) in the nanopores is one of the major reasons for production of commercial quantities of light oil and gas from shale reservoirs. It was determined that the implementation of confined-pore and midconfined-pore phase behavior lowers the bubblepoint pressure, and this, in turn, leads to a slightly higher oil recovery and lesser gas recovery. Also it was determined that the implementation of midconfined-pore and confined-pore phase-behavior shift reduces the retrograde liquid-condensation region, which in turn, leads to lower liquid yield while maintaining the same gas-production quantity. Finally, the important reason that we are able to produce shale reservoirs economically is “rubblizing” the reservoir matrix near HFs, which creates favorable permeability pathways to improve reservoir drainage. This is why multistage hydraulic fracturing is so critical for successful development of shale reservoirs.