Effects of Process Conditions on Width Expansion Ratio in Width Enlargement Plate Forging with Spiral Grooved Tools

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (717) ◽  
pp. 204-210
Author(s):  
Yoshinori YOSHIDA ◽  
Asuka KUTSUKAKE
Keyword(s):  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Plate Forging

scholarly journals Optimisation of extrusion variables for the production of corn snack products enriched with defatted hemp cake

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 507-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozinović Antun ◽  
Ačkar Đurđica ◽  
Jokić Stela ◽  
Babić Jurislav ◽  
Balentić Jelena Panak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Colour Change ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Supercritical Co2 Extraction ◽  
Screw Extruder ◽  
Single Screw Extruder ◽  
Extruded Products ◽  
Snack Products

The effects of defatted hemp cake added to corn grits (at ratios of 0, 5, and 10% DM), the moisture content of the mixtures (15, 20, and 25%) and the temperature in the extruder ejection zone (150, 165, and 180°C) on the physical properties of extruded products have been investigated. Statistical optimization of investigated extrusion conditions using the response surface methodology was performed. The hemp cake was completely defatted by means of a supercritical CO2 extraction. The extrusion was performed on a laboratory single screw extruder and regulated by the following parameters: temperature in the dosing and compression zone (120 and 150°C), screw compression ratio (4 : 1), round die (4 mm). The change of extrusion process conditions significantly affected the physical properties of produced snacks. The expansion ratio ranged between 1.38 and 3.11, bulk density between 0.14 and 0.49 g/cm3, hardness between 18.15 and 70.62 N, fracturability from 3.65 to 10.38 mm, and the total colour change between 3.25 and 24.73.

Influence of Processing Parameters on Bonding Conditions in Backward Extrusion Forged Bonding

2012 ◽  
Vol 504-506 ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Yoshida ◽  
Takamasa Matsubara ◽  
Keisuke Yasui ◽  
Takashi Ishikawa ◽  
Tomoaki Suganuma
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Test ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Cold Forging ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Backward Extrusion ◽  
Metallurgical Bonding ◽  
Wire Cutting ◽  
Surface Expansion ◽  
Cylindrical Cup

In this study, conditions of metallurgical bonding between steel and aluminum in cold forging process is investigated. Two-layered cylindrical cup of the materials is produced in cold backward extrusion in five processing velocity conditions. Small tensile test specimens are cut off at the bonding boundary in the product using a wire-cutting machine and the bonding strength on the boundary is measured in tensile test using the specimens. Fractured contact surfaces are observed with an electron microscope for investigation of bonding. Finite element analyses for the backward extrusion are conducted and surface expansion ratio and interface pressure on the boundary are calculated. The influence of process conditions, extrusion velocity and surface expansion ratio and boundary pressure, on the bonding are investigated.

The effect of unidirectional shear flow-induced orientation on foaming properties of polypropylene

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-202
Author(s):  
Yun Zhang ◽  
Chunling Xin ◽  
Yanbin Su ◽  
Yadong He
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Amorphous Ribbon ◽  
Subsurface Layer ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Bubble Nucleation ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Foaming Properties ◽  
Degree Of Orientation

AbstractWhen the semi-crystalline polymers undergo shearing during flow, the orientation of the molecular chains are induced. In order to study the effect of polypropylene orientation on foaming, we designed an injection mold with a long flow ratio. The samples were prepared by different process conditions and characterized by polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The degree of orientation was calculated by infrared dichroism. It was found that the orientation of the amorphous region has the greatest influence, and the subsurface layer in the cross section along the flow direction had the largest degree of orientation. The samples were foaming in a self-made sealed cavity under the same condition. The foamed samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and it was found that the shish-kebab crystal structure was induced in the surface layer and the subsurface layer under strong shear force. The shish-kebab crystal structure restricted the space for bubble nucleation and growth, and a large number of sub-micron and nano-scale cells appeared in the space of nucleation and growth. Along the flow orientation direction, the longitudinal and transverse sections of each foamed sample with the degree of orientation decreases, the density of cells and the average diameter of cells increases gradually, and the expansion of the foams have an advantage in the direction of flow orientation. The degree of orientation corresponding to the amorphous ribbon (1153 cm−1) of all the samples were arranged from small to large, and it was found that the expansion ratio decreased when the degree of orientation increased. The effect of orientation on foaming properties of polypropylene provides a new strategy for designing other polymer foams.

scholarly journals Effects of Amylose-To-Amylopectin Ratios on Binding Capacity of DDGS/Soy-Based Aquafeed Blends

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferouz Ayadi ◽  
Kurt A. Rosentrater ◽  
K. Muthukumarappan ◽  
S. Kannadhason
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Expansion Ratio ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Seafood Products ◽  
The Impact

Demands for seafood products are steadily increasing. Alternative protein sources are required to compensate for enormous amounts of fishmeal that is needed for global seafood production. Starch is a food polymer that can be added to fish feed formulations to enhance binding and expanding capabilities of extrudates. Floatability, a key factor for most aqua feeds, can be optimized by the addition of certain starch sources. Six ingredient blends with a similar protein content (~32.5%) containing two starch sources, Hylon VII (containing 70% amylose, 30% amylopectin) or Waxy I (containing 0% amylose, 100% amylopectin), 20% distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS), and 15, 25, and 35% moisture content were used along with appropriate amounts of soybean meal, menhaden fishmeal, whey, vitamin and mineral mix to investigate nutritionally-balanced feeds for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). The blends were processed using a laboratory single-screw extruder with varying temperature settings (90-90-90°C, 100-120-120°C, and 100-120-140°C), screw speeds (100, 120, and 140 rpm), and length/diameter ratio (3.4, 6.6, 9.2) of the die. Extensive analyses of expansion ratio (ER), unit density (UD), sinking velocity (SV), and pellet durability indices (PDI), water absorption (WAI) and water solubility indices (WSI) were conducted to evaluate the effects of the two starch sources on extrudate binding and floating capacity. By varying process conditions, significant differences (P>0.05) among the blends were detected for all extrudate physical properties. Significantly higher values for ER, UD, and PDI were achieved by using the Waxy I starch source, while values for SV and WAI decreased. For WSI no significant differences were detected. Increasing the moisture content from 15-35% resulted in a significant increase in ER, WAI, and PDI and a significant decrease in UD. WSI showed no clear pattern in changes. The impact of different amylopectin to amylose ratio, temperature and moisture content on extrudate stability, cohesion and physical properties was demonstrated in this study. All formulations yielded viable extrudates while the blends with the amylopectin as the sole source of starch resulted in higher quality extrudates.

Electron microscopy study of reactively sputter-deposited Ti/N films on silicon

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1362-1363
Author(s):  
V. C. Kannan ◽  
A. K. Singh ◽  
R. B. Irwin ◽  
S. Chittipeddi ◽  
F. D. Nkansah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hexagonal Phase ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
Electron Microscopy Study ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Tin Films ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fcc Phase ◽  
Circuits Vlsi

Titanium nitride (TiN) films have historically been used as diffusion barrier between silicon and aluminum, as an adhesion layer for tungsten deposition and as an interconnect material etc. Recently, the role of TiN films as contact barriers in very large scale silicon integrated circuits (VLSI) has been extensively studied. TiN films have resistivities on the order of 20μ Ω-cm which is much lower than that of titanium (nearly 66μ Ω-cm). Deposited TiN films show resistivities which vary from 20 to 100μ Ω-cm depending upon the type of deposition and process conditions. TiNx is known to have a NaCl type crystal structure for a wide range of compositions. Change in color from metallic luster to gold reflects the stabilization of the TiNx (FCC) phase over the close packed Ti(N) hexagonal phase. It was found that TiN (1:1) ideal composition with the FCC (NaCl-type) structure gives the best electrical property.

Innovative electrotechnological systems to provide the temperature modes of technological pipelines

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Konesev ◽  
P. A. Khlyupin
Keyword(s):  
Induction Heating ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Heating System ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Extreme North ◽  
Induction Heating System

Introduction: the systems of thermal effects on thermo-dependent, viscous and highly viscous liquids under conditions of the Arctic and the Extreme North are considered. Low efficiency and danger of heating systems based on burned hydrocarbons, heated liquids and steam are shown. Electrothermal heating systems used to maintain thermo-dependent fluids in a fluid state are considered. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the application of the most common electrothermal system — heating cables (tapes). The most effective electrothermal system based on induction technologies has been determined. Materials and methods: considered methods of thermal exposure to maintain the fluid properties of thermo-dependent fluids at low extreme temperatures. Results: presents an induction heating system and options for its implementation in the Extreme North and the Arctic. Conclusions: induction heating system to minimize loss of product quality, improve the system performance under changing process conditions, eliminate fire product, to reduce the influence of the human factor.

Corrosion monitoring and root cause identification in high solids concentrators

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 467-477
Author(s):  
PASI NIEMELAINEN ◽  
MARTTI PULLIAINEN ◽  
JARMO KAHALA ◽  
SAMPO LUUKKAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Corrosion Monitoring ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
High Solids ◽  
Passive Area

Black liquor high solids (about 80%) concentrators have often been found to suffer from aggressive corrosion. In particular, the first and second effect bodies are susceptible to corrosion attacks resulting in tube leaks and wall thinning, which limit the availability and lifetime of evaporator lines. Corrosion dynamics and construction materials have been studied extensively within the pulp and paper industry to understand the corrosion process. However, it has been challenging to identify root causes for corrosion, which has limited proactive measures to minimize corrosion damage. Corrosion of the first phase concentrator was studied by defining the potential regions for passive area, stress corrosion cracking, pitting corrosion, and general corrosion. This was achieved by using a technique called polarization scan that reveals ranges for the passive area in which the equipment is naturally protected against corrosion. The open circuit potential, also known as corrosion potential, and linear polarization resistance of the metal were monitored online, which allowed for definition of corrosion risks for stainless steel 304L and duplex stainless steels 2205 and SAF 2906. An online temperature measurement added insight to the analysis. A process diagnostics tool was used to identify root causes of the corrosion attacks. Many of the root causes were related to process conditions triggering corrosion. Once the metal surface was activated, it was difficult to repassivate the metal naturally unless a sufficient potential range was reached.

Study on the Chemical Modification Process of Jute Fiber

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-ming Wang ◽  
Zai-sheng Cai ◽  
Jian-yong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Jute Fiber ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Silicate Concentration ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Concentration ◽  
Liquor Ratio ◽  
Degumming Process ◽  
Selection Of

Degumming of pre-chlorite treated jute fiber was studied in this paper. The effects of sodium hydroxide concentration, treatment time, temperature, sodium silicate concentration, fiber-to-liquor ratio, penetrating agent TF-107B concentration, and degumming agent TF-125A concentration were the process conditions examined. With respect to gum decomposition, fineness and mechanical properties, sodium hydroxide concentration, sodium silicate concentration, and treatment time were found to be the most important parameters. An orthogonal L9(34) experiment designed to optimize the conditions for degumming resulted in the selection of the following procedure: sodium hydroxide of 12g/L, sodium silicate of 3g/L, TF-107B of 2g/L, TF-125A of 2g/L, treatment time of 105 min, temperature of 100°C and fiber to liquor ratio of 1:20. The effect of the above degumming process on the removal of impurities was also examined and the results showed that degumming was an effective method for removing impurities, especially hemicellulose.

Conversion of fructose into methyl lactate over SnO2/Al2O3 catalystin flow regime

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
S.V. Prudius ◽  
◽  
N.L. Hes ◽  
A.M. Mylin ◽  
V.V. Brei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Dimethyl Acetal ◽  
Racemic Mixture ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Aqueous Methanol ◽  
Methyl Lactate ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst ◽  
Target Reaction

In recent years, numerous researchers have focused on the development of catalytic methods for processing of biomass-derived sugars into alkyl lactates, which are widely used as non-toxic solvents and are the starting material for obtaining monomeric lactide. In this work, the transformation of fructose into methyl lactate on Sn-containing catalyst in the flow reactor that may be of practical interest was studied. The supported Sn-containing catalyst was ob-tained by a simple impregnation method of granular γ-Al2O3. The catalytic ex-periments were performed in a flow reactor at temperatures of 160-190 °C and pressure of 3.0 MPa. The 1.6-9.5 wt.% fructose solutions in 80% aqueous methanol were used as a reaction mixture. It was found that addition to a reac-tion mixture of 0.03 wt.% potassium carbonate leads to the increase in selec-tivity towards methyl lactate on 15% at 100% conversion of fructose. Prod-ucts of the target reaction С6Н12О6 + 2СН3ОН = 2С4Н8О3 + 2Н2О were ana-lyzed using 13C NMR method. The following process conditions for obtaining of 65 mol% methyl lactate yield at 100% fructose conversion were found: use of 4.8 wt.% fructose solution in 80% methanol, 180 °С, 3.0 МПа and a load on catalyst 1.5 mmol C6H12O6/mlcat/h at contact time of 11 minutes. The cata-lyst productivity is 2.0 mmol C4H8O3/mlcat/h and the by-productі are 1,3-dihydroxyacetone dimethyl acetal (20%) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (10%). It should be noted that a racemic mixture of L- and D-methyl lactates has been obtained by conversion of D-fructose on the SnO2/Al2O3 catalyst. The SnO2/Al2O3 catalyst was found to be stable for 6 h while maintaining full fruc-tose conversion at 55–70% methyl lactate selectivity. After regeneration the catalyst completely restores the initial activity.

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