scholarly journals Changes in bone density and bone quality caused by single fasting for 96 hours in rats

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Hisatomi ◽  
Kenji Kugino
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Bone Quality ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Bone Architecture ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Polar Moment ◽  
Ad Libitum

Background Young women occasionally engage in dietary restrictions accompanied by fasting for the purpose of losing weight, but such restrictions have various effects on body functions. The recent increase in the number of people suffering from osteoporosis has become a major social problem mainly in industrialized countries.Therefore, we think it is important to understand the effects of fasting on bone vulnerability, especially to bone quality. Methods Animals used male Wister rats weighing 130 g (6 weeks of age), and were divided into a control group (n = 5) and a fasting group (n = 6). The experimental period was 14 days, the control group had ad libitum food throughout the experimental period, the fasted group was fasted for 4 days, and than, had ad libitum food for 10 days. In this study, parameters related to bone fragility due to three-dimensional bone architecture were determined on Contrast enhanced micro-CT images of the lumbar spine and were used as a method for the evaluation of bone quality. In addition, a time-course observation of each individual was carried out during the fasting period and later upon resuming food intake. Cross-sectional images of all vertebrae were obtained from radiographic computed tomography and were analyzed by using Latheta software ver. 3.0 (Hitachi-Aloka Medical, Nagasaki, Japan). The region of interest that was misrecognized in each cross-sectional image was made consistent with the anatomical structure by carrying out corrections manually and by identifying the cortical bone areas and cancellous bone areas. Results Our findings showed that while single fasting for 96 h did not cause any major change in the macroscopic morphology of bone, it caused a marked decrease in bone density. In addition, the minimum cross-sectional moment, which indicated the “strength against bending” as well as the polar moment that indicated the “strength against torsion” were both lower than in non-fasted rats. Further, after resumption of feeding, bone mineral content in the fasting group recovered rapidly and starting at day 4 after resumption of feeding, there was no difference with the control group. On the other hand, the values of the minimum cross-sectional moment and polar moment did not recover, and the difference with the control group increased during the feeding period. Discussion On the basis of this study, the authors estimate that the fasting-induced decrease in bone minimum cross-sectional moment and polar moment may have been due to changes affecting some factors involved in bone quality, and thus could be useful as a parameter in future studies aimed at elucidating bone quality. At least, in the case where bone change accompanied with a change in macroscopic distribution of mineral components occurs, the values of minimum cross-sectional moment and polar moment are considered to be bone parameters that will provide valuable information to elucidate bone quality.

scholarly journals The influence of cigarette smoke inhalation on bone density: a radiographic study in rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Batista César-Neto ◽  
Bruno Braga Benatti ◽  
Flávio Ricardo Manzi ◽  
Enilson Antônio Sallum ◽  
Antônio Wilson Sallum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Bone Quality ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Smoke Inhalation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI) and its cessation on tibiae bone quality. Forty-one male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: Group 1 - control (n = 14), Group 2 - 3 months of CSI and 2 months without exposure to CSI (n = 12), and Group 3 - 5 months of CSI (n = 15). At the end of the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed, the tibiae removed and immediately radiographed for photodensitometric analysis. The results showed that continuous exposure to cigarette smoke promoted a significantly reduced bone density (p < 0.05) (3.22 mm Al eq ± 0.58; 2.93 mm Al eq ± 0.45; 1.86 mm Al eq ± 0.35; for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Similar levels of bone density were observed for the control and cessation groups (groups 1 and 2 - p > 0.05). Thus, within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that CSI may affect tibiae bone quality, and CSI cessation results in a return towards the level of the control group.

Relationship among running mileage, bone density, and serum testosterone in male runners

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1165-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. MacDougall ◽  
C. E. Webber ◽  
J. Martin ◽  
S. Ormerod ◽  
A. Chesley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dual Photon Absorptiometry ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Density Measurements

Our purpose was to investigate the relationship between running volume and bone mineral mass in adult male runners. Whole body and regional bone mineral density were determined by dual-photon absorptiometry in 22 sedentary controls and 53 runners who were selected according to their running mileage to fall into a 5- to 10-, 15- to 20-, 25- to 30-, 40- to 55-, or 60- to 75-mile/wk group. All groups were of similar age (20–45 yr) and nutritional status, as determined by 7-day food records. Regional sites for bone density measurements included the trunk, spine, pelvis, thighs, and lower legs. In addition, serum total testosterone was determined in each subject and computed tomography scans were made of the lower legs in 34 subjects to assess bone cross-sectional area. No significant differences were detected for bone density measurements with the exception of the lower legs where it was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater for the 15- to 20-mile/wk group than for the control and 5- to 10-mile/wk groups. With mileage greater than 20 miles/wk, bone density of the lower legs showed no further increase and, in fact, tended to decrease, so that for the 60- to 75-mile/wk group it was similar to that of the controls. Cross-sectional area of the tibia and fibula when normalized to body weight tended to be greater as weekly mileage increased and was significantly greater in the 40- to 55-mile/wk runners than in the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Effects of intensity and duration of quantitative restriction of feed on broiler performance

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. JAHANPOUR ◽  
A. SEIDAVI ◽  
A. A. QOTBI
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Restriction Method ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Experimental Treatments

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of physical feed restriction method with different intensity and duration on broiler performance. One hundred and fifty Ross-breed 308 male broiler chicks in a completely randomized design were divided into five experimental treatments. The treatments included physical limitations by 25% or 50% of recommended amount on feed of broilers in two periods of 7 or 14 days. One control group was used fed ad libitum. Each limitation’s severity level was applied in τηρεε replications of 10 birds. All experimental treatments before and after the limitation period until slaughter (day 42) were fed ad libitum. The results showed that in total period broilers under the physical limitation of feed had significantly lower feed intake than controls (P < 0.05). In this research, methods and levels of physical restriction intensity and duration of feed had no significant effect on body weight for the whole experimental period. Methods and levels of food restriction severity and duration had significant effect on feed efficiency (P < 0.05).

scholarly journals The sequential feeding of growing chickens

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Gous ◽  
J. J. Du Preez
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sunflower Meal ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Feeding And Fasting

1. Male chickens, 1 week old, were fed alternately for 6 or 12 h periods with diets complementary in their amino acid composition. The isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets were based on fish meal or sunflower meal as the sole source of protein, or fish meal–sunflower meal (40:60, w/w); each diet contained 120 g crude protein/kg. Other groups of chickens were given these diets ad lib.Net protein utilization (NPU) values obtained after a 1-week experimental period indicated that sequential feeding for both 6 and 12 h resulted in significantly improved responses compared with chickens given the same diets ad lib. These results suggested that the two protein sources, although provided at separate times, could complement each other.2. In certain treatments there was a 6 or 12 h fasting period between feeding periods to reduce the effect of nutrients from the previous period.3. For alternate feeding and fasting periods of 6 h with the combined diet, food intake and gain in body-weight were both significantly reduced compared with the corresponding values for the combined diet fed ad lib. The NPU value was virtually the same for both treatments. For 12 h periods of alternate feeding and fasting the gain in body-weight was only just significantly lower than that for the control group (combined diet fed ad lib.), but the NPU value was highly significantly better than that for the control group.4. For the treatments which included 6 and 12 h fasting periods between the two singleprotein diets, the food intake and gain in body-weight were significantly lower compared with the treatment groups given alternate feeding and fasting periods of either 6 or 12 h with the combined diet. The NPU values for the two groups given 12 h alternate feeding and fasting periods differed significantly, whereas the NPU values for the two groups given 6 h feeding and fasting periods were the same.

scholarly journals Intake and growth of steers offered different allowances of autumn grass and concentrates

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. French ◽  
E. G. O’Riordan ◽  
P. O’Kiely ◽  
P. J. Caffrey ◽  
A. P. Moloney
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Concentrate Level

AbstractThe aim of this experiment was to quantify the relationship between autumn grass supply and concentrate supplementation level on grass intake and animal performance. One hundred and ten continental steers (567 kg) were assigned to 10 treatments. The experimental design was a three grass allowances (6, 12 and 18 kg dry matter (DM) per head daily) by three concentrate levels: (0, 2·5 and 5 kg per head daily) factorial with a positive control group offered concentrates ad libitum and no grass. Grass allowance was offered daily and concentrates were given individually. The experiment began on 22 August and all animals were slaughtered after a mean experimental period of 95 days. Grass intake was calculated using the n-alkane technique and diet digestibility using ytterbium acetate as an indigestible marker. There was an interaction (P < 0·05) between grass allowance and concentrate level for grass intake. At the low grass allowance there was no effect of offering animals supplementary concentrates on grass intake, at the medium and high grass allowances, supplementary concentrates reduced grass intake by 0·43 and 0·81 kg DM respectively per kg DM concentrate offered. Increasing grass allowance increased (P < 0·001) complete diet organic matter (OM) digestibility at all concentrate levels and supplementary concentrates increased (P < 0·001) complete diet OM digestibility only at the low grass allowance. Both offering animals supplementary concentrates (P < 0·001) and increasing daily grass allowance (P < 0·001) increased their carcass growth rate. Relative to the animals offered the low grass allowance and no concentrate, supplementing with concentrate increased carcass growth by 116 g/kg concentrate DM eaten whereas increasing the grass allowance, increased carcass growth by 38 g/kg DM grass eaten. As a strategy for increasing the performance of cattle grazing autumn grass, offering supplementary concentrates offers more scope than altering grass allowance.

Hindlimb Muscle Atrophy Occurs From Short-Term Undernutrition in Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jee Yoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscles

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of short-term (7 days) undernutrition on Type I (soleus) and Type II (plantaris, gastrocnemius) muscles in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats ( N = 20) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a control group ( n = 10) in which animals were allowed to have water and pellets ad libitum and an undernourished group ( n = 10) in which animals were allowed to have 37% of the total food intake of the control group and water ad libitum. Body weight and food intake were measured daily. After 7 days, rats were anesthetized and the soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscles and liver were dissected. Body weight, liver weight, muscle weight, Types I and II fiber cross-sectional area, and myofibrillar protein content were determined. After 7 days of undernutrition, the undernourished group showed significant decreases ( p < .05) compared to the control group in body weight, liver weight, muscle weight of soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscles, and cross-sectional areas of Types I and II fiber of the plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles.

Suppression and stimulation of TSH and thyroid hormones in bulls during starvation and refeeding

1983 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borghild Tveit ◽  
Flemming Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Starvation Period ◽  
Disappearance Rate ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract. Sixteen bull calves were fasted during two periods, 3½ and 7 months old. Blood samples were taken every 6 h during an experimental period of 9 days: 2 control days, 5 fasting days and 2 refeeding days. During the control days with ad libitum feeding, T3, T4 and TSH increased during the day. During the fasting period, T4 decreased with a half-life of 3.5 days and T3 with a half-life of 3 days. TSH decreased in a less regularly way to a mean of 60% of control mean. Six h after refeeding, TSH had increased to 300% of control mean. T3 and T4 had a maximum 12 h after refeeding. As the T4 decreased with a rate nearly similar to the T4 disappearance rate in starving bulls, the secretion of T4 from the thyroid gland must have been almost stopped during the starvation period. The morning values were below normal for all three hormones after 2 days of refeeding.

scholarly journals The use of treated rape cake in a calf starter diet

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 491-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Göpfert ◽  
M. Trčková ◽  
R. Dvořák
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Glucosinolate Content ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Calf Growth ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Ad Libitum

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of starter diet containing 10% of treated rape cake (TRC) with a reduced glucosinolate content on calf growth, development and health. The experiment included 45 calves allocated into 3 groups. After the colostrum period (5 days) the calves were fed 4 l of pooled fresh milk per calf/day and one of the starters ad libitum. The control group (S) was fed Standard starter with components with a standard nutrient content including fibre. Comparative group T was fed Telstar starter, which contained whole maize kernels and protein pellets. Experimental group G was fed Grant starter containing 10% of treated rape cake. The calves were fed hay ad libitum from 10 weeks of age. The average starter consumption (calf/day) over a 90-day feeding period was 1.34, 1.72 and 1.45 kg of the Standard, Telstar and Grant diet, respectively. An insignificantly higher body weight of calves was recorded for the Grant group at the end of the experimental period. When the calculated indices were compared, it was obvious that the weight gains obtained with experimental starters Grant and comparative Telstar were by 4.0% higher and by 5.4% lower, respectively, than in the control group Standard. No significant changes in the parameters of nitrogen, energy, lipid and mineral metabolism, health status, hepatic parenchyma and thyroid function were observed throughout the experimental period. The diet based on experimental starter Grant had no adverse effect on the ruminal fermentation in calves. It may therefore be concluded that the starter diet with 10% content of treated rape cake had no adverse effect on calf growth and performance. &nbsp; &nbsp;

scholarly journals Aplicação de protocolo de aceleração da recuperação pós-operatória em cirurgias de colectomia retossigmoidectomia, pancreatectomia e hepatectomia: experiência de hospital terciário

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-345
Author(s):  
Fernanda de Matos Feijó ◽  
Marcelo Campos Appel-da-Silva ◽  
Marcio Fernando Boff ◽  
Caroline Schardong Boligon ◽  
Mara Regina Santos da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Enhanced Recovery ◽  
Hospital Costs ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Postoperative Recovery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Patient Cost

Introduction: Postoperative recovery of patients undergoing surgical procedures has been a focus of attention in recent years. Positive results from the Enhanced Recovery Based on the favorable results of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol, the ACERTO (Aceleração da Recuperação Total pós-operatória) protocol was designed in Brazil. This protocol defines some perioperative routines, such as nutritional therapy, decreased preoperative fasting period, early postoperative feeding, decreased venous hydration, among others, with favorable impact on postoperative recovery. The aim of this study was to compare the response of patients undergoing surgical procedures following or not a pilot protocol for accelerating postoperative recovery. Methods: A case-control study nested in a cross-sectional study reviewing medical records of patients hospitalized for colectomy, rectosigmoidectomy, pancreatectomy, and hepatectomy procedures between 2016 and 2017. The patients were divided into intervention and control group. Main endpoints analyzed were: length of postoperative hospital stay, hospitalization outcomes, rate of readmission within 30 days, and hospital costs. Results: 76 patients were enrolled (30 in intervention group and 46 in control group). The median length of in-hospital stay was 6.5 days for the intervention group and 13.5 days for the control group (p =0.0001). Rate of readmission within 30 days was 5.3 times lower in the intervention group in comparison to control group (p=0.02). Cost analysis showed a median per-patient cost of R$ 15.493,91 in the intervention group compared to a median per-patient cost of R$ 25.929,19 in the control group (p=0.0036). Conclusion: Patients who underwent the intervention of the postoperative recovery acceleration multimodal protocol presented shorter hospital stay, lower readmission rate at 30 days and lower hospital costs when compared to patients in the control group.

scholarly journals Thirty-day β-hydroxy-βmethylbutyrate supplementation with a controlled diet does not alter the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the rat diaphragm muscle

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cleuber Rodrigo de Souza BUENO ◽  
Bruno MARTINELLI ◽  
Gabriele Candido BERNARDO ◽  
Leticia Rossi DARÉ ◽  
Jesus Carlos ANDREO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Diaphragm Muscle ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The One ◽  
Experimental Group

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the β-hydroxy-βmethylbutyrate supplementation influence on the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the diaphragm muscle of rats and verify whether there are sex differences. Methods Experimental study with 48 Wistar rats (24 of each sex) divided into 3 groups: Control Group: in which a daily diet with saline solution was offered; Experimental Group: the same amount of food from the Control group consumed in the previous day and 0.3g/kg of β-hydroxy-βmethylbutyrate; Ad libitum Experimental Group: ad libitum feeding with the same dose of the supplement. The analysis consisted of histomorphometry and classification in diaphragm muscle fiber area bands. The procedures occurred 30 days after the start of the experiment. Data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p<0.05). Results There was no increase in the cross-sectional area of the diaphragm muscle fibers with the supplementation protocol employed and a similar histological pattern in both sexes. No significant changes were observed in muscle fiber size ranges in the supplemented groups, suggesting that there was no hypertrophy of muscle fibers. Conclusion This study suggests that β-hydroxy-βmethylbutyrate supplementation does not cause changes in the morphological and morphometric characteristics of the diaphragm muscle, regardless of sex.

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