scholarly journals Between extreme simplification and ideal optimization: antennal sensilla morphology of miniaturized Megaphragma wasps (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e6005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna V. Diakova ◽  
Anastasia A. Makarova ◽  
Alexey A. Polilov
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Antennal Sensilla ◽  
Sensilla Styloconica ◽  
Sensory Reception ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
High Level ◽  
Insect Antenna

One of the major trends in the evolution of parasitoid wasps is miniaturization, which has produced the smallest known insects. Megaphragma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are smaller than some unicellular organisms, with an adult body length of the smallest only 170 µm. Their parasitoid lifestyle depends on retention of a high level of sensory reception comparable to that in parasitoid wasps that may have antennae hundreds of times larger. Antennal sensilla of males and females of Megaphragma amalphitanum and M. caribea and females of the parthenogenetic M. mymaripenne are described, including sensillum size, external morphology, and distribution. Eight different morphological types of sensilla were discovered, two of them appearing exclusively on female antennae. Two of the types, sensilla styloconica and aporous placoid sensilla, have not been described previously. Regression analyses were performed to detect and evaluate possible miniaturization trends by comparing available data for species of larger parasitoid wasps. The number of antennal sensilla was found to decrease with the body size; M. amalphitanum males have only 39 sensilla per antenna. The number of antennal sensilla types and sizes of the sensilla, however, show little to no correlation with the body size. Our findings on the effects of miniaturization on the antennal sensilla of Megaphragma provide material for discussion on the limits to the reduction of insect antenna.

scholarly journals Influence of Systematic Football Training on Adolescent Functional Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 533-540
Author(s):  
Svetlana Yu. Zavalishina ◽  
Olga N. Makurina ◽  
Galina S. Mal ◽  
Elena S. Tkacheva
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Cyclic Loads ◽  
Physical Ability ◽  
Systematic Training ◽  
High Level ◽  
Football Training

Surveyed 522 players in Moscow. It is estimated the influence of regular football football on sicatics of football players 12-14-year-old. An assessment of the body size of football players was carried out with regard to their chronological age using the average physical development of adolescent-athletes. It is found that the systematic training in football is longer than 1 year to increase among adolescent-football players of quantities that have a strong physique, as a result of a decline among them, having an average type of physique. Registration of the examined index Pirka-Bedusi, which makes it possible to evaluate the proportionality of the physique, showed that most of the football players of adolescence with experience of systematic sports for more than a year have proportional to the physique. The degree of development of the breathing opportunities of the chest of adolescent-football players at a regularly high level of power preparation is higher than their untranslated peers. The results obtained will assume that regular football activities provide in adolescents to increase physical ability to prolonged cyclic loads due to an increase in endurance.

Testing Rensch’s rule in Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus, a seed-feeding beetle infesting Leucaena leucocephala plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-311
Author(s):  
M.N. Rossi ◽  
E.B. Haga
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rensch’S Rule ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Rensch's Rule ◽  
Males And Females

Rensch’s rule states that males vary more in size than females when body size increases. The main cause of Rensch’s rule has been credited to sexual selection. However, different degrees of plasticity between the sexes have also been proven to be useful for describing variations in sexual size dimorphism, particularly within an intraspecific context. For insects, in general, this rule has rarely been tested within species. Here, we tested whether Acanthoscelides macrophthalmus (Schaeffer, 1907) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) followed Rensch’s rule when individuals emerged from seeds immediately after fruit collection and when they were reared for one generation, by measuring three morphological traits. Rensch’s rule was not followed for any of the morphological traits. Variations in body size were similar in males and females for bruchines that first emerged from seeds and for those that were reared for one generation. These findings suggest that environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, and seasonality) are unlikely to drive differential plasticity in males and females of this seed-feeding beetle. It is possible that changes in the body size of A. macrophthalmus have a genetic basis. However, regardless of whether variations in body size have a genetic basis, our findings provide no support for Rensch’s rule.

scholarly journals Correlates of reproductive success in a population of nine-banded armadillos

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 1815-1821 ◽  
Author(s):  
W J Loughry ◽  
Paulo A Prodöhl ◽  
Colleen M McDonough ◽  
W S Nelson ◽  
John C Avise
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
The Body ◽  
Birth Date ◽  
Dasypus Novemcinctus ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Microsatellite Dna Markers ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Males And Females

We used microsatellite DNA markers to identify the putative parents of 69 litters of nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) over 4 years. Male and female parents did not differ in any measure of body size in comparisons with nonparents. However, males observed paired with a female were significantly larger than unpaired males, although paired females were the same size as unpaired females. Females categorized as possibly lactating were significantly larger than females that were either definitely lactating or definitely not lactating. There was no evidence of assortative mating: body-size measurements of mothers were not significantly correlated with those of fathers. Nine-banded armadillos give birth to litters of genetically identical quadruplets. Mothers (but not fathers) of female litters were significantly larger than mothers of male litters, and maternal (but not paternal) body size was positively correlated with the number of surviving young within years, but not cumulatively. There were no differences in dates of birth between male and female litters, nor were there any significant relationships between birth date and maternal body size. Body size of either parent was not correlated with the body sizes of their offspring. Cumulative and yearly reproductive success did not differ between reproductively successful males and females. Average reproductive success (which included apparently unsuccessful individuals) also did not differ between males and females. The majority of adults in the population apparently failed to produce any surviving offspring, and even those that did usually did so in only 1 of the 4 years. This low reproductive success is unexpected, given the rapid and successful range extension of this species throughout the southeastern United States in this century.

scholarly journals Comparison of body size, relative growth and size at onset sexual maturity of Uca uruguayensis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Ocypodidae) from different latitudes in the south-western Atlantic

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Luis Hirose ◽  
Vivian Fransozo ◽  
Carolina Tropea ◽  
Laura S. López-Greco ◽  
Maria Lucia Negreiros-Fransozo
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Fiddler Crab ◽  
Carapace Width ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brazilian Population ◽  
The South ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Uca Uruguayensis

Some crustaceans show variations of their reproductive biology within their geographical distribution, and knowledge about such variations is important for the comprehension of their reproductive adaptations. This study compared two populations of the fiddler crab Uca uruguayensis from two locations on the south-western Atlantic coast: Ubatuba Bay, São Paulo, Brazil and Samborombón Bay, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The population features analysed were the body size variation (carapace width = CW) and the size at the onset of sexual maturity (SOM) in order to test the hypothesis that the size at SOM, should be the same in relative terms (RSOM), independently of the latitudinal position. In the Brazilian population the CW ranged from 4.18 to 11.60 mm for males and 3.90 to 9.80 mm for females, and in the Argentinean population from 3.60 to 14.10 mm for males and 2.85 to 12.00 mm for females. In the Brazilian population the SOM was 7.1 (RSOM = 0.58) and 5.9 mm CW (RSOM = 0.57) for males and females, respectively, and in the Argentinean population it was 7.0 (RSOM = 0.42) and 6.75 mm CW (RSOM = 0.53) for males and females, respectively. This fact is probably related to a great plasticity in the life history features of Uca uruguayensis under different environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Sensation of the tiniest kind: the antennal sensilla of the smallest free-living insect Scydosella musawasensis (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae)

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10401
Author(s):  
Anna V. Diakova ◽  
Alexey A. Polilov
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Evolutionary Trend ◽  
Antennal Sensilla ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Sensilla Basiconica ◽  
Sensilla Trichodea ◽  
The Common ◽  
Allometric Analysis ◽  
Multisensory Systems

Miniaturization is a major evolutionary trend prominent in insects, which has resulted in the existence of insects comparable in size to some unicellular protists. The adaptation of the complex antennal multisensory systems to extreme miniaturization is a fascinating problem, which remains almost unexplored. We studied the antennal sensilla of Scydosella musawasensis Hall, 1999 (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae), the smallest free-living insect, using scanning electron microscopy. The antenna of S. musawasensis bears 131 sensilla; no intraspecific variation in the number or position of the sensilla has been revealed. Nine different morphological types of sensilla are described according to their external morphological features and distribution: four types of sensilla trichodea, one type of sensilla chaetica, two types of sensilla styloconica, and two types of sensilla basiconica. Morphometric analysis of the sensilla of S. musawasensis, based on measurements of the lengths and diameters of sensilla and their location and number, showed the absence of significant differences between females and males. Comparative allometric analysis of S. musawasensis and larger Coleoptera showed that the number of sensilla and the size of sensilla chaetica decrease with decreasing body size. However, the number of the types of sensilla and the length and diameter of the multiporous sensilla basiconica revealed no correlation with the body size. Comparison of the acquired data with the results of our earlier study of the antennal sensilla of some of the smallest parasitic wasps is used to put forward hypotheses on the common principles of miniaturization of the antennal sensory systems of insects.

Variations in the relationship between oxygen consumption, body size and summated tissue metabolism in the winkle Littorina littorea

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Newell ◽  
V. I. Pye
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Fractional Power ◽  
The Body ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Fundamental Relationship ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
The Relationship

INTRODUCTIONA considerable amount of data now exists on the relationship between metabolism and body size in a wide range of organisms from bacteria and protozoans through to large mammals. Much of this information has been reviewed by Kleiber (1932, 1947), Brody and Procter (1932), Brody (1945), Zeuthen (1947, 1953), Hemmingsen (1950, i960) and Bertalanffy (1957). In general the metabolism has been shown to be proportional to a fractional power of the body weight thus eggs, the larger metazoan poikilotherms and even homoiotherms is proportional to a constant power of the body weight. This factor has been shown to be 0.751 ± 0.015 by Hemmingsen (i960). Superimposed upon this general relationship are variations according to the weight range of the organisms concerned. Thus both Zeuthen (1953) and Hemmingsen (i960) have shown that the value of the constant b for unicellular organisms is approximately 0.7 (Zeuthen, 1953) or 0.751 (Hemmingsen, 1960), whilst that for small metazoans is 0.95 (Zeuthen, 1953) or 1.0 (Hemmingsen, 1960). Finally, the slope of the line relating the metabolism to body size in larger metazoans is 075 (Zeuthen, 1953) or 0.751 (Hemmingsen, 1960). That is, the value for b — 1 in equation (2) is likely to be between -0.3 and -0.249 in unicellular organisms; 0 and -0.05 in small metazoans and approximately -0.249 in larger metazoans.Despite this apparently fundamental relationship between metabolism and body size, there are many instances where for a particular species the relationship may not apply. Indeed in some species the metabolism may vary in its relationship to body weight according to conditions such as salinity, shore level, experimental temperature and acclimation temperature.

scholarly journals The Impact of Body Image on Self-Esteem in Adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
Qurat-ul-Ain Javaid ◽  
Amna Ajmal
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Adolescent Females ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Adolescent Males ◽  
Body Image Scale ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the current study was to explore the impact of body image on self-esteem in adolescent males and females. A sample of 290 adolescents (144= male, 146= females) was taken from different schools and colleges of Multan. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Body Image Scale were used to measure the impact. Findings indicated a positive relationship between the level of confidence in the body image of adolescent males and their self-esteem. Moreover, it was found that adolescent females in their later years of adolescence had a high level of self-esteem as compared to adolescent females in their early years of adolescence. Independent t-test scores found that adolescent females report feeling more conscious about their body image and weight as compared to adolescent males. Results also showed that adolescent females disclose less information about themselves as compared to adolescent males.

scholarly journals Ultrastructure of the Sensilla on the Antennae and Mouthparts of Bean Weevils, Megabruchidius dorsalis (Coleoptera: Bruchinae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1112
Author(s):  
Siyu Chen ◽  
You Li ◽  
Fangling Xu ◽  
Maofa Yang ◽  
Xiurong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Host Location ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Antennal Sensilla ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sensilla Styloconica ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Maxillary Palps

Megabruchidius dorsalis (Fåhraeus, 1839) (Coleoptera: Bruchinae) is an important pest that damages the seeds of Gleditsia L. (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae). This beetle searches for host plants with its sensory system. To further explore the mechanisms of host location and to understand the ultrastructure of M. dorsalis, we examined the morphology and distribution of its sensilla on the antennae and mouthparts of male and female adults, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Both male and female antennae are serrated and can be divided into scape, pedicel, and flagellum. There were seven types and eight subtypes of antennal sensilla, including Bőhm bristles (BB), two subtypes of sensilla trichoid (ST1, ST2), two subtypes of sensilla chaetica (SC1, SC2), four subtypes of sensilla basiconic (SB1, SB2, SB3, SB4), sensilla cavity (SCa), sensilla auricillica (SA), and sensilla gemmiformium (SG). Five types of maxillary and labial palp sensilla in the mouthparts were observed: sensilla chaetica (SC), sensilla trichoidea (ST), sensilla styloconica (SSt), sensilla coeloconica (SCo), and sensilla digitiform (SD). No sexual dimorphism in sensilla type was observed, but there were variations between males and females in the numbers and distribution along the antennae. There were more SA in males than in females, while the number of ST sensilla in the maxillary palps were lower in males than in females. ST1 were most abundant in both sexes. We discussed potential function related to structure via comparisons with previous investigations of bruchids and other insects. Our results provide a theoretical basis for further studies on sensory physiological function, using semiochemicals as effective biological controls of M. dorsalis.

scholarly journals Morfometrik Genus Terebellobranchia sp. (Kelas : Polychaeta, Famili: Terebellidae) di Daerah Intertidal Pulau Lemukutan, Kabupaten Bengkayang

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heru Winarko Junardi, Tri Rima Setyawati
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Body Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
High Level ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Number Of Segments ◽  
Digital Caliper

Terebellobranchia sp. is a member of the Terebellidae family, which is known to have a high level of morphological variation. The aims of research was to know morphometric variations and the relationship of body size and uncini of Terebellobranchia sp. in Lemukutan Island. The measurements body and uncini were carried out on complete specimens with digital caliper, while uncini measuring under a microscope with eyepiece micrometer. Data analysis with t test in 64 individuals. The Terebellobranchia sp. found in station 2 had a significantly different size with Terebellobranchia sp. in other stations. The body length of Terebellobranchia sp. shows a strong correlation with the width, number of segments and body weight, meanwhile the width of the segment strongly correlated with size of uncini.

Reproductive seasonality in the comatulid crinoid Antedon bifida (Pennant) from the English Channel

1994 ◽  
Vol 343 (1304) ◽  
pp. 113-134 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mature Oocyte ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
English Channel ◽  
Reproductive Seasonality ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
High Level ◽  
A Site

Genital pinnules from the north east Atlantic comatulid crinoid Antedon bifida (Pennant) were sampled monthly over a five-season period , from a site at Berry Head , English Channel, U .K . A. bifida uniquely broods its spawned ova and early larvae, during the period May to July . Nevertheless, a high level of sexual maturity was maintained throughout the annual cycle in both males and females. Three cellular gametogenic features: facets on the mature oocyte cell wall, nutritive phagocytes in the gonad lumen and yolk nuclei in the pre-vitellogenic oocytes, were present at all times of the seasonal cycle. Development of gonads along the length of an arm was not synchronous. All specimens sampled had pinnules, sections of arm or whole arms missing, an damean of 17% of all pinnules from the population were missing or regenerating The commonest small fish in the area, Crenilabrus was observed to nibble oil the genital pinnules. A strategy is suggested involving toleration of such losses, in place of less-expendable parts of the body.

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