scholarly journals Effects of sandfish (Holothuria scabra) removal on shallow-water sediments in Fiji

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Lee ◽  
Amanda K. Ford ◽  
Sangeeta Mangubhai ◽  
Christian Wild ◽  
Sebastian C.A. Ferse
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Reef Flat ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Coastal Ecosystems ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Holothuria Scabra ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Stichopus Chloronotus ◽  
Shallow Water Sediments

Sea cucumbers play an important role in the recycling and remineralization of organic matter (OM) in reef sands through feeding, excretion, and bioturbation processes. Growing demand from Asian markets has driven the overexploitation of these animals globally. The implications of sea cucumber fisheries for shallow coastal ecosystems and their management remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, the current study manipulated densities of Holothuria scabra within enclosures on a reef flat in Fiji, between August 2015 and February 2016, to study the effects of sea cucumber removal on sedimentary function as a biocatalytic filter system. Three treatments were investigated: (i) high density (350 g m−2 wet weight; ca. 15 individuals); (ii) natural density (60 g m−2; ca. 3 individuals); and (iii) exclusion (0 g m−2). Quantity of sediment reworked through ingestion by H. scabra, grain size distribution, O2 penetration depth, and sedimentary oxygen consumption (SOC) were quantified within each treatment. Findings revealed that the natural population of H. scabra at the study site can rework ca. 10,590 kg dry sediment 1,000 m−2 year−1; more than twice the turnover rate recorded for H. atra and Stichopus chloronotus. There was a shift towards finer fraction grains in the high treatment. In the exclusion treatment, the O2 penetration depth decreased by 63% following a 6 °C increase in water temperature over the course of two months, while in the high treatment no such change was observed. SOC rates increased ca. two-fold in the exclusion treatment within the first month, and were consistently higher than in the high treatment. These results suggest that the removal of sea cucumbers can reduce the capacity of sediments to buffer OM pulses, impeding the function and productivity of shallow coastal ecosystems.

scholarly journals Soft bodies make estimation hard: correlations among body dimensions and weights of multiple species of sea cucumbers

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Prescott ◽  
Shijie Zhou ◽  
Andhika P. Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Power Function ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Body Width ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Wet Weight

Tropical sea cucumbers are commonly exploited by small-scale, poorly managed fisheries. A fundamental problem in managing sea cucumber fisheries is the lack of basic knowledge of important life history characteristics for most species. As a result of plastic body dimensions, biological research on this group of animals becomes exceptionally challenging. To improve our understanding of essential biological parameters, we conducted a study to investigate correlations among various body measurements. We analysed a total of 18 sea cucumber species and more than 6600 individuals collected at Scott Reef in the Timor Sea, north-west Australia. We used hierarchical Bayesian errors-in-variables models to specifically take into account measurement errors that are obviously unavoidable. The measures included three types of weights (wet weight, gutted weight and dry weight) and two body dimensions (length and width). The modelling reveals that using both body length and width as independent variables, wet weight increases approximately linearly with body length, but is a power function (~1.6) of body width, although variability exists among species. Dry weight tends to increase more slowly with body length, but has a similar power function of body width. Linear relationships are established between the three types of weights. On average, ~11% of a live specimen and ~16% of a gutted specimen is processed to the commercially traded dry body wall. Our results can be applied to sea cucumbers in other areas and can be useful for data standardisation and size-based fisheries management.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of a SKin Ulceration Disease (SKUD) in the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra with a review on the SKUDs in Holothuroidea (Echinodermata)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Delroisse ◽  
Kévin Van Wayneberghe ◽  
Patrick Flammang ◽  
David Gillan ◽  
Pascal Gerbaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Collagen Fibre ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Holothuria Scabra ◽  
Skin Ulceration ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria

AbstractAquacultivated sea cucumbers often suffer from SKin Ulceration Diseases (SKUDs). SKUDs have been observed in six holothuroid species from nine countries. All SKUDs present a similar symptom—the skin ulceration—and can be induced by bacteria, viruses, or abiotic factors. We here provide an update on SKUDs in holothuroids and analyse the case of the SKUD observed in Holothuria scabra in Madagascar. Field observations revealed a seasonality of the disease (i.e. wintertime maximum peak). Morphological analyses of integument ulcers showed that sea cucumbers react by forming a collagen fibre plug. Metagenomic analyses revealed a higher proportion of Vibrionaceae (Gammaproteobacteria) in ulcers in comparison to the healthy integument of the same individuals. Experimental infection assays were performed with ulcer crude extracts and bacteria isolated from these extracts (e.g. Vibrio parahaemolyticus) but did not significantly induce skin ulceration. Our results suggest that the disease is not induced by a pathogen or, at the very least, that the pathogen is not found within the ulcers as the disease is not transmissible by contact. An initial cause of the SKUD in Madagascar might be the repeated and prolonged exposures to cold temperatures. Opportunistic bacteria could settle in the dermis of ulcerated individuals and promote the ulcer extension. We propose a general nomenclature for SKUDs based on the acronym of the disease, the affected sea cucumber species (e.g. Hs for Holothuria scabra), the concerned region using an ISO code 3166-2 (e.g. MG for Madagascar), the description date (e.g. 20 for the year 2020), and, when known, the inducing agent (first letter of the general taxon, b for bacteria, v for virus in currently known cases; a a if it is an abiotic inducing parameter; nothing if the inducing cause has not been precisely identified). The disease described in this work will be designated under the name SKUD Hs-MG-20.

scholarly journals Density and Size Distribution of the Sea Cucumber, Holothuria scabra (Jaeger, 1935), at Six Exploited Sites in Mahout Bay, Sultanate of Oman

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalfan M. Al-Rashdi ◽  
Michel R. Claereboudt ◽  
Saud S. Al-Busaidi
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Sultanate Of Oman ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Holothuria Scabra ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean

A rapid survey of the density and size distribution of recently exploited populations of Holothuria scabra in Mahout Bay (Ghubbat Hashish Bay) was carried out at six fishing sites. The results showed that population densities varied between 1170 and 4000 individuals ha-1 and biomass ranged between 393 and 2903 kg ha-1. The mean size of sea cucumbers and population densities were much lower in populations closer to human settlements, suggestive of overfishing. The sex ratio was estimated to be 1:1 and the size distributions of males and females did not differ significantly. The length-weight relationship for both sexes was calculated as W (g) = 0.033 Length (mm) 2.178. 

scholarly journals Effects of chronic dietary hexavalent chromium on bioaccumulation and immune responses in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qixia Chan ◽  
Fuqiang Wang ◽  
Lidong Shi ◽  
Xue Ren ◽  
Tongjun Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Hexavalent Chromium ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Apostichopus Japonicus ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Wet Weight

ABSTRACTSea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus (3.54 ± 0.01 g of wet weight) were exposed to five concentrations of dietary hexavalent chromium [0 (control), 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg Cr6+/kg dry weight] amended with K2Cr2O7 for 30 days. The bioaccumulation and immune responses [antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT); hydrolytic enzymes: acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP)] of sea cucumbers were subsequently evaluated. This study found that the order of Cr accumulation in the experimental tissues was respiratory tree > intestine > body wall. Significantly lower SOD activities occurred in the 400 mg/kg group compared to that in the control group. Higher dietary Cr6+ exposure (400 and 800 mg Cr6+ /kg dry weight) did not negatively alter the CAT activities, but significantly inhibited CAT activities in 100 mg/kg group, compared to control group. ACP activities in groups 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg were significantly lower than those in control group, while no significant differences occurred in AKP activities among groups. The present study provides important information into the bioaccumulation and immune responses of the sea cucumber A. japonicus in response to chronic dietary Cr6+ exposure.

Ekstraksi dan Formulasi Suspensi Oral Teripang Holothuria scabra sebagai Sumber Antioksidan

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Ardi Ardiansyah
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Oral Suspension ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Holothuria Scabra ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

<strong>Extraction and Oral Suspension Formulation of Sea Cucumber Holothuria scabra as Source of Antioxidants.</strong> Sea cucumbers have long been utilized in the food and medicine for Asia and Middle East communities. Indonesia is one of the main suppliers in the trade of sea cucumbers in Asia. Sea cucumber utilization in Indonesia is generally done only in the form of raw materials. Holothuria scabra is one of the sea cucumber that can be explored as a potential source of antioxidants. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of sea cucumber H.scabra in extract and suspension. Sea cucumber was extracted with methanol 96% and ethanol 96%, then both antioxidant activity was tested. Extract with higher antioxidant activity were made into oral suspension preparation for further evaluation of the stability (organoleptic, pH, microorganisms) and antioxidant testing. The results showed that ethanol extracts had higher antioxidant activity of methanol extract, but still lower than ascorbic acid. Based on the calculation, IC<sub>50 </sub>of methanol extract was 316.85 ppm and ethanol extract was 130.54 ppm, while ascorbic acid showed IC<sub>50</sub> 34.06 ppm. The most stable formula (F1a) shows that there is still an antioxidant activity that is equal to 42.11 %.

scholarly journals Sex steroids and steroidogenesis-related genes in the sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra and their potential role in gonad maturation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tipsuda Thongbuakaew ◽  
Saowaros Suwansa-ard ◽  
Arada Chaiyamoon ◽  
Scott F. Cummins ◽  
Prasert Sobhon
Keyword(s):  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Gonad Maturation ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Holothuria Scabra

AbstractThe sea cucumber Holothuria scabra is an economically valuable marine species which is distributed throughout the Asia–Pacific region. With the natural population declining due to over fishing, aquaculture of this species is deemed necessary. Hence, it is essential to understand the mechanisms regulating the reproduction in order to increase their populations. Sex steroids, including estrogens, androgens and progestogens, play an important role in reproduction in most vertebrates and several invertebrates. It has been proposed that sea cucumbers have the same sex steroids as vertebrates but the steroidogenic pathway in the sea cucumbers is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) that sex steroids (estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone) were present in H. scabra neural and gonadal tissues. In silico searches of available sea cucumber transcriptome data identified 26 steroidogenesis-related genes. Comparative analysis of encoded proteins for the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (HscStAR), CYP P450 10, 17 and 3A (HscCYP10, HscCYP17, HscCYP3A) and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (Hsc3β-HSD, Hsc17β-HSD) with other species was performed to confirm their evolutionary conservation. Gene expression analyses revealed widespread tissue expression. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that HscStAR, HscCYP10, Hsc3β-HSD, and Hsc17β-HSD gene expressions were similar to those in ovaries and testes, which increased during the gonad maturation. HscCYP17 mRNA was increased during ovarian development and its expression declined at late stages in females but continued high level in males. The expression of the HscCYP3A was high at the early stages of ovarian development, but not at other later stages in ovaries, however it remained low in testes. Moreover, a role for steroids in reproduction was confirmed following the effect of sex steroids on vitellogenin (Vtg) expression in ovary explant culture, showing upregulation of Vtg level. Collectively, this study has confirmed the existence of steroids in an echinoderm, as well as characterizing key genes associated with the steroidogenic pathway. We propose that sex steroids might also be associated with the reproduction of H. scabra, and the identification of biosynthetic genes enables future functional studies to be performed.

scholarly journals Triterpene Saponins from the Sea Cucumber Stichopus chloronotus

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1400900
Author(s):  
Nguyen Phuong Thao ◽  
Bui Thi Thuy Luyen ◽  
Le Thi Vien ◽  
Bui Huu Tai ◽  
Le Due Dat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Triterpene Saponins ◽  
Important Ingredient ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Fticr Ms ◽  
Stichopus Chloronotus ◽  
C Nmr

Sea cucumbers have been used as a dietary delicacy and important ingredient in Asian traditional medicine and functional foods over many centuries. Using combined chromatographic methods, six triterpene saponins (1-6), including a new compound, stichloroside F (1), were isolated from a methanol extract of the sea cucumber Stichopus chloronotus Brandt. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic (1H and 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY, ROESY) and FTICR-MS data and by comparison with literature values.

scholarly journals Potensi ekologis dan pola sebaran teripang Holothuria scabra dan Holothuria vagabunda di Perairan Tanjungkeramat Desa Pangkil, Kabupaten Bintan, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rani Marni ◽  
Febrianti Lestari ◽  
Susiana Susiana
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Area Method ◽  
Holothuria Scabra ◽  
A Value ◽  
Water Conditions

The aim of the study was to determine the ecological potential and pattern of the distribution of sea cucumbers in the waters of Tanjungkeramat, Pangkil Village, Teluk Bintan District, Bintan regency. This study uses a survey method, determining the area with a swap area method of 4 areas, measuring the area using a meter with a length and width of 100 x 50 m. The results of the study found 2 types. Sea cucumber from the subfamily namely Holothuriidae and Stichopodidae. The highest density of Holothuroidea species in area I is 46 individual/ha. The lowest density is in area IV which is 12 individual/ha. Sea cucumber density in Tanjungkeramat is still relatively good. The water conditions in Tanjungkeramat still meet the quality standards that support the life of sea cucumber. Distribution pattern in area I with Id value 0.69, area II with Id value 0.68, and area III with a value of 0.42 has an even distribution pattern, while the distribution pattern in area IV Id 1.00 has a random distribution pattern.

scholarly journals PERILAKU PEMIJAHAN TERIPANG PASIR (HOLOTHURIA SCABRA) BERDASARKAN FAKTOR LINGKUNGAN (SUHU) DI DESA OHOI LETMAN KECAMATAN KEI KECIL KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGGARA

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-85
Author(s):  
Adolof S Narayaman
Keyword(s):  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Initial Temperature ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spawning Behavior ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Active Behavior ◽  
Holothuria Scabra

Background: Sea Cucumber (Holothuria scabra) is one of the export commodities from fisheries sector which has decreased production and resource conservation. Spawning sea cucumbers as a first step in the provision of seeds on the cultivation that has been successfully done naturally, but the frequency of spawning is still very low. Method: Treatment of mother of sea cucumber which is selected and taken as sample which is 8 tail and have always active behavior. Mother of sea cucumber then selected by length and weight of sea cucumber. Result: Spawning behavior displayed by sea cucumbers during spawning based on environmental factors (temperature) by raising the temperature (boiling) seawater or temperature shock. So at an initial temperature of 27 ° C the behavior of sea cucumbers looks very active. Then with an interval of ± 30 minutes the temperature increased to 28 ° C, seen the behavior shown that the sea cucumbers do the process of elongation of the body, so that the sea cucumber looks different from before Conclusion: Male breeding spawning on the back of the body (posterior), the mother cucumber raises the height of the head or the front of the body (anterior) which visible a bulge that then removes the sperm that looks like white smoke in the water. With an interval of 10 minutes a female parent appeared to be in the same temperature and the same breeding method the mature female was removing the egg.

scholarly journals KOMPOSISI SPESIES TERIPANG (Holothuroidea) DI PERAIRAN KAMPUNG KAPISAWAR DISTRIK MEOS MANSWAR KABUPATEN RAJA AMPAT

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tutik Handayani ◽  
Vera Sabariah ◽  
Ronald R. Hambuako
Keyword(s):  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Habitat Condition ◽  
Sea Cucumbers ◽  
Holothuria Scabra ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
The Village ◽  
Descriptive Method

This study aimed to investigate the species and its composition of sea cucumber in the Kapisawar village of Meos Manswar District in Raja Ampat Regency. This research was conducted from March to April 2014. Descriptive method was applied directly through observations by using belt transects that consisted of three stations. Then, identification of species was done through spicula appearance of sea cucumbers. Results showed that from all research stations, 10 species of sea cucumbers were found, and these species derived from 3 families and 4 genera. The species of sea cucumbers are Holothuria scabra, H. leucospilota, H. rigida, H. sucosa, Bohadschia similis, B. marmorata, B. vitiensis, Synapta maculate, Opheodesoma grisea and Stichopus variegatus. The highest number of sea cucumber species was found in the station I which consisted of 9 species from 2 families and 4 genera, followed by station II (2 families and 3 genera), and the lowest at the station III of 3 species (2 families and 2 genera). Some of the sea cucumber found in the research station were economic importance, with the highest composition was at the station I because of its suitable habitat condition and the lowest in station III due to far from the village.

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