The Stationary Configuration of the Knee

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wangdo Kim ◽  
Antonio P. Veloso ◽  
Veronica E. Vleck ◽  
Carlos Andrade ◽  
Sean S. Kohles
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Reciprocal System ◽  
Grand Challenge ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Data Set ◽  
And Cartilage

Background: Ligaments and cartilage contact contribute to the mechanical constraints in the knee joints. However, the precise influence of these structural components on joint movement, especially when the joint constraints are computed using inverse dynamics solutions, is not clear. Methods: We present a mechanical characterization of the connections between the infinitesimal twist of the tibia and the femur due to restraining forces in the specific tissue components that are engaged and responsible for such motion. These components include the anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, medial collateral, and lateral collateral ligaments and cartilage contact surfaces in the medial and lateral compartments. Their influence on the bony rotation about the instantaneous screw axis is governed by restraining forces along the constraints explored using the principle of reciprocity. Results: Published kinetic and kinematic joint data (American Society of Mechanical Engineers Grand Challenge Competition to Predict In Vivo Knee Loads) are applied to define knee joint function for verification using an available instrumented knee data set. We found that the line of the ground reaction force (GRF) vector is very close to the axis of the knee joint. It aligns the knee joint with the GRF such that the reaction torques are eliminated. The reaction to the GRF will then be carried by the structural components of the knee instead. Conclusions: The use of this reciprocal system introduces a new dimension of foot loading to the knee axis alignment. This insight shows that locating knee functional axes is equivalent to the static alignment measurement. This method can be used for the optimal design of braces and orthoses for conservative treatment of knee osteoarthritis. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(2): 126–135, 2013)

Intra-Articular Knee Contact Force Estimation During Walking Using Force-Reaction Elements and Subject-Specific Joint Model2

2016 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yihwan Jung ◽  
Cong-Bo Phan ◽  
Seungbum Koo
Keyword(s):  
Contact Force ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Contact Model ◽  
Grand Challenge ◽  
Subject Specific ◽  
Mean Square Errors

Joint contact forces measured with instrumented knee implants have not only revealed general patterns of joint loading but also showed individual variations that could be due to differences in anatomy and joint kinematics. Musculoskeletal human models for dynamic simulation have been utilized to understand body kinetics including joint moments, muscle tension, and knee contact forces. The objectives of this study were to develop a knee contact model which can predict knee contact forces using an inverse dynamics-based optimization solver and to investigate the effect of joint constraints on knee contact force prediction. A knee contact model was developed to include 32 reaction force elements on the surface of a tibial insert of a total knee replacement (TKR), which was embedded in a full-body musculoskeletal model. Various external measurements including motion data and external force data during walking trials of a subject with an instrumented knee implant were provided from the Sixth Grand Challenge Competition to Predict in vivo Knee Loads. Knee contact forces in the medial and lateral portions of the instrumented knee implant were also provided for the same walking trials. A knee contact model with a hinge joint and normal alignment could predict knee contact forces with root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 165 N and 288 N for the medial and lateral portions of the knee, respectively, and coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.70 and −0.63. When the degrees-of-freedom (DOF) of the knee and locations of leg markers were adjusted to account for the valgus lower-limb alignment of the subject, RMSE values improved to 144 N and 179 N, and R2 values improved to 0.77 and 0.37, respectively. The proposed knee contact model with subject-specific joint model could predict in vivo knee contact forces with reasonable accuracy. This model may contribute to the development and improvement of knee arthroplasty.

Validation of Knee Load Predictions During a Dual Limb Squat and Calfrise

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trent M. Guess ◽  
Antonis Stylianou ◽  
Mohammad Kia
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Force ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Grand Challenge ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Prosthetic Knee ◽  
Knee Loading ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Reaction Forces

Knowledge of knee loading would benefit prosthetic design, development of tissue engineered materials, orthopedic repair, and management of degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis. Musculoskeletal modeling provides a method for estimating in vivo joint loading, but validation of model predictions is challenging. Data provided by the “Grand Challenge Competition to Predict In-Vivo Knee Loads” for the 2012 American Society of Mechanical Engineers Summer Bioengineering Conference [1] provides data from an instrumented prosthetic knee that can be used to validate load predictions. The Grand Challenge data set includes implant and bone geometries, motion, ground reaction forces, electromyography (EMG) as well as measured knee loading. Presented here are muscle driven forward dynamics simulations with a prosthetic knee for two of the calibration gait trials (SC_2legsquat and SC_calfrise) provided with the Grand Challenge data set. The calibration trials include the instrumented knee measurements and are provided to help “calibrate” models used in the Grand Challenge competition. Inputs to model simulations were experimental marker motion and outputs included muscle force, ground reaction forces, ligament forces, contact forces, and knee loading. Experimental measurements of knee loading, ground reaction force, and muscle activations were compared to model predictions.

The Effects of Ankle Restriction on the Multijoint Coordination of Vertical Jumping

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Arakawa ◽  
Akinori Nagano ◽  
Dean C. Hay ◽  
Hiroaki Kanehisa
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Ankle Joint ◽  
Energy Transport ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Squat Jump ◽  
Vertical Jumping ◽  
Custom Made

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of ankle restriction on the coordination of vertical jumping and discuss the influence of energy transfer through m. gastrocnemius on the multijoint movement. Eight participants performed two types of vertical jumps: a normal squat jump, and a squat jump with restricted ankle joint movement. Mechanical outputs were calculated using an inverse dynamics analysis. Custom-made shoes were used to restrict plantar flexion, resulting in significantly (P < .001) reduced maximum power and work at the ankle joint to below 2% and 3%, while maintaining natural range of motion at the hip and knee. Based on the comparison between the two types of jumps, we determined that the ankle restriction increased (P < .001) the power (827 ± 346 W vs. 1276 ± 326 W) and work (92 ± 34 J vs. 144 ± 36 J) at the knee joint. A large part of the enhanced output at the knee is assumed to be due to ankle restriction, which results in the nullification of energy transport via m. gastrocnemius; that is, reduced contribution of the energy transfer with ankle restriction appeared as augmentation at the knee joint.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN KINETIC VARIABLES AND SMOOTHNESS OF KNEE JOINT MOVEMENT IN THE STANCE PHASE

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (05) ◽  
pp. 1450079 ◽  
Author(s):  
TAKASHI FUKAYA ◽  
HIROTAKA MUTSUZAKI ◽  
HAJIME ITO ◽  
YASUYOSHI WADANO
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Other ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Important Index ◽  
Three Phases

The purposes of this study were to clarify which period of the stance phase shows the greatest decrease in the smoothness of the knee joint movement and to analyze the relationships between kinetic variables and the smoothness of the knee joint movement during the stance phase using the angular jerk cost (AJC). The study subjects were 11 healthy adults. To clarify the relationships between the kinetic variables and the AJC, Pearson's product correlation coefficients were calculated for the AJC and three kinetic variables. The AJC in the early stance phase was significantly larger than those in the other three phases, and it was confirmed that the early stance phase showed the greatest decrease in smoothness of the knee joint movement. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the AJC and the vertical component of the ground reaction force in the early stance phase. Correlations between the AJC and the kinetic variables were also found in the other three phases. Regarding evaluation of the smoothness of the knee joint movement using the AJC based on the present results, the AJC may be an important index for understanding the dynamics of the knee joint in the early stance phase.

SMOOTHNESS USING ANGULAR JERK COST OF THE KNEE JOINT MOVEMENT AFTER A REDUCTION IN WALKING SPEED

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 1350037 ◽  
Author(s):  
TAKASHI FUKAYA ◽  
HIROTAKA MUTSUZAKI ◽  
YASUYOSHI WADANO
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Initial Contact ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Important Index

The angular jerk cost (AJC) was proposed to objectively represent the smoothness of joint movement by calculating the time-dependent changes in acceleration during motion. There are currently no reports focusing on smoothness using AJC measurements of the knee joint movement during the stance phase of gait. The purpose of this study was to verify whether a reduced walking speed affects the smoothness of the knee joint movement during the stance phase of gait. The gaits of 12 healthy adults were assessed. A slower walker showed a significant reduction in the AJC value in the period between the initial contact and the loading response, as compared with someone walking at a comfortable speed. The maximum ground reaction force of the stance phase at a comfortable walking speed was significantly larger than that at a slower walking speed. Thus, although the smoothness of the knee joint was impaired by a rapid load in the early stance phase, a slower walking speed reduced the ground reaction force and angular acceleration of the knee joint and created a smoother movement. The AJC can be an important index for understanding the smoothness of the knee joint in the early stance phase.

scholarly journals An Electromyogram-Driven Musculoskeletal Model of the Knee to Predict in Vivo Joint Contact Forces During Normal and Novel Gait Patterns

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Manal ◽  
Thomas S. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Contact Force ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Grand Challenge ◽  
Normal Walking ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Internal Joint ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Joint Contact

Computational models that predict internal joint forces have the potential to enhance our understanding of normal and pathological movement. Validation studies of modeling results are necessary if such models are to be adopted by clinicians to complement patient treatment and rehabilitation. The purposes of this paper are: (1) to describe an electromyogram (EMG)-driven modeling approach to predict knee joint contact forces, and (2) to evaluate the accuracy of model predictions for two distinctly different gait patterns (normal walking and medial thrust gait) against known values for a patient with a force recording knee prosthesis. Blinded model predictions and revised model estimates for knee joint contact forces are reported for our entry in the 2012 Grand Challenge to predict in vivo knee loads. The EMG-driven model correctly predicted that medial compartment contact force for the medial thrust gait increased despite the decrease in knee adduction moment. Model accuracy was high: the difference in peak loading was less than 0.01 bodyweight (BW) with an R2 = 0.92. The model also predicted lateral loading for the normal walking trial with good accuracy exhibiting a peak loading difference of 0.04 BW and an R2 = 0.44. Overall, the EMG-driven model captured the general shape and timing of the contact force profiles and with accurate input data the model estimated joint contact forces with sufficient accuracy to enhance the interpretation of joint loading beyond what is possible from data obtained from standard motion capture studies.

Quantification of In Vivo Laxity in the ACL and Individual Knee Joint Structures

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey M. Westover ◽  
Jessica C. Küpper ◽  
Janet L. Ronsky
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Soft Tissue Injury ◽  
Joint Laxity ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Joint Hypermobility Syndrome ◽  
Knee Joint Laxity

In biomechanical terms, passive joint laxity is a measure of joint movement within the constraints of ligaments, capsule, and cartilage [1] when an external force is applied to the joint during a state of muscular relaxation. Excessive knee joint laxity (reduced stiffness) can result from soft tissue injury, such as a ligament tear, or from genetic factors such as benign joint hypermobility syndrome, and can predispose the joint to instability including recurrent dislocations, and low-grade inflammatory arthritis [2]. A novel technique for in vivo measurement of 3D knee joint laxity using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with a custom knee loading apparatus (KLA) has been developed in our research group [3]. Gross joint laxity is predicted based on joint displacement in response to an applied anterior tibial load. To better understand the link between laxity and instability, and to advance this technique for clinical applications, the laxity of individual joint structures, such as the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) must be quantified.

JOINT ENERGY BALANCES: THE COMMITMENT TO THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF MEASURING SYSTEMS

2005 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 139-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. GÜNTHER ◽  
H. WITTE ◽  
R. BLICKHAN
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Contact Phase ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Joint Torques ◽  
Time Offset ◽  
Zero Offset ◽  
Energy Balances

Our study quantifies the amount of error induced in the calculated energy balances of the joints if a trigger offset between the measurement of ground reaction force and of video data occurs. Joint energy balances constitute the basis for an adequate interpretation of muscular activity. An estimation of the amount of this error introduced by deficient synchronization has not been published so far but currently seems to be essential in the face of commercial providers offering complete solutions from data acquisition up to inverse dynamics analyses. As an example, we applied an inverse dynamics process to a data set of the contact phase of human running where the synchronization was disturbed artificially. We compared the amount of error for different methods of inverse dynamics. We found that a time offset of 5 ms results in almost 100% error (compared to zero offset) in the energy balance of each joint (up to 28 J in the hip). A kinematic event appearing later on the time scale than the respective kinetics shifts the calculated main source of energy production from the ankle to the hip, and vice versa if appearing precipitate. This 5 ms synchronization error is even higher than the methodical error introduced when synchronizing correctly but using the static torque equilibrium instead of complex inverse dynamics for the calculation of joint torques. We conclude that when buying professional analysis systems a strong urge to prove exact synchronization should be put on the provider.

7. Frontal Plane Knee Loading during Bodyweight Squat Performance: Effects of Stance Width and Foot Rotation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kingston
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Inverse Dynamics ◽  
Exercise Prescription ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
The Body ◽  
Knee Adduction Moment ◽  
Squat Exercise

The bodyweight squat is routinely used for conditioning of the knee musculature. In the performance of this exercise, modifications in the initial standing position may result in altered frontal plane kneel loading, and hence may potentially be used for targeted exercise prescription. The purpose of this study is to quantify the frontal plane mechanical loading on the knee joint whilst performing the bodyweight squat exercise, and to examine the effects of varying stance width and foot rotation angle. Twenty-four participants (14 males) performed 4 randomized sets of 8 repetitions of the body weight resistant squat exercise in the following conditions: 1) Shoulder width (SW) stance with parallel feet; 2) SW stance with feet externally rotated 30°; 3) 140% SW stance with parallel feet, and; 4) 140% SW stance with the feet externally rotated by 30°. The adduction/abduction knee joint moment experienced across conditions was calculated using inverse dynamics procedures. Moment waveforms were subjected to Principal Component (PC) analysis, with 3 PC’s retained based on a 90% trace criteria. Following, a 1-way repeated measures ANOVA and pair wise comparisons were used to discern differences between conditions. Omnibus test results indicate significant differences across conditions for PC1 and PC2 (p<0.01), Post hoc comparisons and waveform interpretation of PC1 extreme scores showed that the magnitude of the adduction moment was higher throughout the movement in the foot rotated conditions vs. the parallel feet conditions in both stance widths (mean Z scores .69 & .65 vs. -.88 & -.45, p<0.01, respectively). For PC2, significant differences were found between the 2 parallel feet conditions and the 2 foot rotated conditions, as well as between the foot conditions in the wide stance squats. PC2 differences were interpreted as phase shift operators. We found that modification of foot rotation slightly alters the magnitude and timing of knee adduction moment component during performance of the body weight squat. The observed magnitude differences are presumably a consequence of alteration in the location of the point of application of the ground reaction force during the initial standing posture. The findings may assist clinicians in exercise prescription decision making.

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