Toxicity of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole to marine periphytic algae and bacteria

10.7287/peerj.preprints.330v1 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Henrik Johansson ◽

Lisa Janmar ◽

Thomas Backhaus

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Control Level ◽

Algal Species ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Static System ◽

Utilization Pattern ◽

Carbon Source Utilization ◽

Swedish West Coast ◽

Significant Difference

Ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole are two antibiotics commonly detected in the aquatic environment, but information on their toxicity towards natural microbial communities is largely absent. In particular no data are available for marine microorganisms. Aim of the current study was therefore to evaluate the chronic toxicity of ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole on natural marine biofilms (periphyton), a complex ecological community comprising a variety of bacterial and algal species. The biofilms were sampled along the Swedish west coast and subsequently exposed over 4 days in a semi-static system to a concentration series of each antibiotic. Effects on the bacterial part of the periphyton community were assessed using Biolog Ecoplates, reflecting total respiration and functional diversity of the bacterial community. Exposure to either antibiotic resulted in a clear concentration-response relationship with EC10 and EC50 values for the inhibition of total carbon source utilization of 46.1 nmol/L and 490.7 nmol/L for ciprofloxacin, respectively 56 and 1073 nmol/L for sulfamethoxazole. The NOEC for ciprofloxacin was 26 nmol/L, with a minimum significant difference of 19.24%, for sulfamethoxazole it was 140 nmol/L with a minimum significant difference of 14%. Multivariate data exploration of the whole carbon source utilization pattern confirmed these results. The data indicate that sulfamethoxazole leads to a general decrease in carbon source utilization, while ciprofloxacin exposure leads to a re-arrangement of the carbon-utilization pattern in the region of 20-50% effect. This corresponds with the higher specificity of ciprofloxacin for certain bacterial species. Effects on the algal part of the communities were evaluated by analyzing the amount and composition of photosynthetic pigments, and neither ciprofloxacin nor sulfamethoxazole caused any inhibitory effects up to the maximum tested concentration of 9 000 nmol/L. However, sulfamethoxazole exposure did lead to a significant stimulation (75% above control level) of the total pigment content of the biofilm already at the lowest tested concentration of 5 nmol/L. The stimulation then decreased with increasing concentrations to finally return to control level at 3 000 nmol/L. No shifts in the relative pigment composition were observed, indicating a generally increased algal biomass without major shifts in community composition.

Download Full-text

Draft Genome Sequence of Serratia marcescens Strain LCT-SM166, a Space Flight Strain with a Specific Carbon Source Utilization Pattern

Genome Announcements ◽

10.1128/genomea.00069-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Y. Wang ◽

Y. Du ◽

Y. Yuan ◽

Y. Guo ◽

J. Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Serratia Marcescens ◽

Genome Sequence ◽

Space Flight ◽

Draft Genome ◽

Draft Genome Sequence ◽

Utilization Pattern ◽

Carbon Source Utilization

Download Full-text

Bacterial community structure at defined locations ofPinus sylvestris-Suillus bovinusandPinus sylvestris-Paxillus involutusmycorrhizospheres in dry pine forest humus and nursery peat

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w98-035 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 44 (6) ◽

pp. 499-513 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Sari Timonen ◽

Kirsten S Jørgensen ◽

Kielo Haahtela ◽

Robin Sen

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Pine Forest ◽

Paxillus Involutus ◽

Carbon Source Utilization ◽

Associated Bacteria ◽

Suillus Bovinus ◽

Forest Humus

Bacteria were isolated and characterized from uncolonized soil, nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal short roots, and soil-colonizing external mycelium from intact Pinus sylvestris - Suillus bovinus and Pinus sylvestris - Paxillus involutus mycorrhizospheres developed in microcosms containing dry pine forest humus or nursery peat. Total numbers of colony-forming units (CFU/mg dry weight) in the different locations from all ectomycorrhizospheres indicated an overall bacterial-enrichment gradient towards the roots, whereas sporeformers were more evenly distributed. Fluorescent pseudomonads were commonly isolated from all mycorrhizosphere locations in nursery peat, but they were nearly absent from the forest humus community. In contrast, sporeformers were more abundant at all locations in the latter growth substrate. The bacterial species composition of forest and nursery mycorrhizospheres was clearly divergent when characterized according to their carbon source utilization patterns in Biolog®GN or GP microplates. Factorial-designed ANOVA of a principal component analysis of the carbon source utilization data showed significant differences between isolates from the two soil types and, to a lesser extent, between S. bovinus and Paxillus involutus mycorrhizospheres. Bacterial communities from mycorrhizospheres and uncolonized soil were distinguished by their preferential utilization of carbohydrates and organic and amino acids, respectively. Suillus bovinus associated bacteria appeared to favour mannitol and Paxillus involutus associated bacteria appeared to favour fructose as carbon sources. This study demonstrates the combined effect of soil type, fungal symbiont, and precise location on bacterial communities associated with Pinus sylvestris ectomycorrhizospheres.Key words: Biolog, carbon source utilization, ectomycorrhiza, Scots pine, soil bacteria.

Download Full-text

Rhizobacterial community-level, sole carbon source utilization pattern affects the delay in the bacterial wilt of tomato grown in rhizobacterial community model system

Applied Soil Ecology ◽

10.1016/j.apsoil.2005.12.003 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 27-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Yoshiko Irikiin ◽

Masaya Nishiyama ◽

Shigeto Otsuka ◽

Keishi Senoo

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Bacterial Wilt ◽

Sole Carbon Source ◽

Model System ◽

Community Level ◽

Utilization Pattern ◽

Carbon Source Utilization ◽

Community Model ◽

Sole Carbon Source Utilization

Download Full-text

Gamma-radiation induced modifications in substrate specificity of glucose dehydrogenase and carbon source utilization pattern of phosphate-solubilizing Pantoea strains

Biotechnology Letters ◽

10.1007/s10529-011-0718-1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 33 (12) ◽

pp. 2391-2396

Author(s):

Young-Keun Lee ◽

M. Senthilkumar ◽

Il Yun Jeong ◽

K. Annapurna ◽

K. Swarnalakshmi

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Substrate Specificity ◽

Gamma Radiation ◽

Glucose Dehydrogenase ◽

Utilization Pattern ◽

Carbon Source Utilization ◽

Radiation Induced ◽

Phosphate Solubilizing

Download Full-text

The role of interactions, sessile growth, and nutrient amendments on the degradative efficiency of a microbial consortium

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m94-055 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 40 (5) ◽

pp. 331-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

G. M. Wolfaardt ◽

J. R. Lawrence ◽

R. D. Robarts ◽

D. E. Caldwell

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Sole Carbon Source ◽

Spatial Organization ◽

Microbial Consortium ◽

Algal Species ◽

Algal Growth ◽

Bacterial Consortium ◽

Microbial Interactions ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Pure Cultures

A degradative microbial consortium consisting of at least nine bacterial and one algal species was isolated from soil with diclofop methyl as the sole carbon source. In continuous flow culture, the presence of the algae increased diclofop methyl degradation and removal by 36%. Batch culture experiments with 14C-labeled diclofop methyl confirmed algal involvement in the mineralization of diclofop methyl as there was no significant difference in the amount of 14CO2 evolved by the bacterial consortium with and without the algal activity when the consortium was cultivated in the dark to inhibit algal growth, while 11% more 14CO2 was produced in the light by the algal–bacterial consortium. Pure cultures isolated from the bacterial consortium could not individually mineralize diclofop methyl as the sole carbon source. However, when supplied with an additional carbon source, two strains could mineralize diclofop methyl. Addition of either the complex growth medium, or a cell-free filtrate from the algal–bacterial consortium to batch systems containing 14C-labeled diclofop methyl resulted in a significant increase in the production of 14CO2 by the bacterial consortium, suggesting co-metabolism of diclofop methyl in the presence of a labile carbon source. Removal of diclofop methyl by the bacterial consortium was increased by 36% when a larger surface to volume ratio was provided by glass beads that allowed extensive biofilm formation. The requirement for exogenous carbon sources and the inability of isolated pure cultures to degrade diclofop methyl indicated that interspecies interactions are necessary for degradation. The positive effect of sessile growth suggested that spatial organization of cells may also be important for degradation.Key words: consortium, degradation, herbicide, microbial interactions.

Download Full-text

Effects of Nanoplastics on Freshwater Biofilm Microbial Metabolic Functions as Determined by BIOLOG ECO Microplates

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16234639 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (23) ◽

pp. 4639 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Miao ◽

Guo ◽

Liu ◽

You ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Functional Diversity ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Diversity Indices ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Carbon Source Utilization ◽

Metabolic Functions ◽

Wiener Diversity Index ◽

Freshwater Biofilms

Nanoplastic (NP) contamination is becoming a pervasive issue as NPs, originating from microplastic particles, pose potentially harmful environmental impacts on aquatic ecosystems. The environmental hazards of NPs on microorganisms have been well documented in recent studies; however, little is known about their ecotoxicity effects on freshwater biofilms, which serve as important primary producers and decomposers and are highly connected with other ecosystem components. We investigated the effects of NPs on the microbial metabolic functions of freshwater biofilms in terms of carbon source utilization ability. Biofilm samples were collected, cultivated in a hydrodynamic flume for six weeks, and then exposed in polystyrene (PS) beads (100 nm in size) with different NP concentrations (1, 5, and 10 mg/L). BIOLOG ECO microplates were used to quantify carbon source utilization characteristics. The data were analyzed using average well-color development (AWCD), functional diversity indices, and principle component analysis (PCA). Results showed that the total carbon metabolic functions (represented by AWCD) remained constant (p > 0.05) with elevated NP concentrations, but some specific carbon sources (e.g., esters) changed in their utilization ability (p < 0.05). The microbial functional diversity (Shannon–Wiener diversity index, Simpson diversity index, and Shannon evenness index) was significantly reduced under 10 mg/L NPs (p < 0.05), indicating an inhibiting effect of NPs on biofilm metabolic diversity. This study examined NP ecotoxicity effects on microbial metabolic activities at the community level, but further studies are required to fully understand the mechanisms driving this change.

Download Full-text

Soil Microbial Differences under Unpalatable Stellera Chamaejasme and Neighboring Palatable Elymus Nutans in Alpine Meadows

10.20944/preprints202109.0128.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jianguo Ma

Keyword(s):

Species Richness ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Animal Health ◽

Total Carbon ◽

Soil Microbiome ◽

Soil Biodiversity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Elymus Nutans ◽

Stellera Chamaejasme ◽

Bacteria And Fungi

Stellera chamaejasme L. is a fast-spreading unpalatable poisonous plant that grows in the alpine grasslands of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). The impacts of unpalatable plant species spread on animal health and plant community have been well studied, but studies into their effects on belowground organisms and processes are rare. We carried out a soil metabarcoding study using Illumina MiSeq sequencing to investigate whether the soil bacteria and fungi communities of Stellera are different to the soil microbiome of neighboring palatable grass Elymus nutans Griseb. Total carbon and nitrogen, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and microbial biomass carbon were all significantly greater in Stellera soil compared to Elymus soil, while no significant differences were observed for gravimetric soil moisture, pH or nitrate nitrogen. There were no significant differences in bacterial and fungal abundance between Stellera and Elymus soil. The bacterial species richness was significantly lower in Stellera soil but no significant difference was observed for fungal species richness. The beta diversity and community composition of bacteria and fungi were markedly different between soils. The presence of bacterial phyla Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia, and fungal phyla, Basidiomycota and Glomeromycota, were significantly greater under Stellera soil. This study demonstrated that the spread of undesirable unpalatable plants can potentially disrupt existing plant-soil-microbe associations with potential consequences for grassland soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

Download Full-text

Assessment of Bacterial Contamination of Orthodontic Arch wire

Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry ◽

10.26477/jbcd.v31i1.2578 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 48-51

Author(s):

Suha S Hassan ◽

Nidhal H. Ghaib ◽

Batool H Al-Ghurabi

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Contamination ◽

Microbial Contamination ◽

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Brain Heart Infusion ◽

Control Groups ◽

Dental Practitioners ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Bacillus Spp ◽

Droplet Transmission

Background: The microorganisms can impend the life of health care professional and particularly the dental practitioners. They can be transmitted by different ways like airborne and droplet transmission. The current study was carried out to identify whether the arch wires that received from the manufactures are free from microbial contamination and to determine the bacterial species attached to the arch wires. Materials and Methods: This study involved eighty samples, consisted of two types of arch wires (nitinol and stainless-steel) from four companies (3M, G&H, Jiscop, OrthoTechnology). These wires inserted in a plane tube that contains 10 -ml of (Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane] and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) tris-EDTA and brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. A 0.1 ml was withdrawn from the tube and spread on agar plates. The control groups consist of 16 plane tube (8 tubes with tris-EDTA and other 8 tubes with (BHI). Results: Microbial sampling yielded growth from 5 of the 80 arch wires. The predominant bacteria that isolated were Bacillus spp. No growth was recovered from 75 of the samples and from controls. The bacteria were isolated by BHI reagent and no growth was observed by tris-EDTA reagent with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The Bacillus spp. found only in the G&H and Jiscop companies, however, no statistically significant difference was found among them (P>0.05). With regard to the presence and distribution of bacteria according to the types of wires, the present results clarified that cases of contamination with Bacillus spp. were found in the nitinol arch wires with statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Conclusions: The results of the current study revealed low count of bacterial contamination in the two types of companies (G&H and Jiscop). Not all materials that received from the manufactures are free from contamination and an effective sterilization regimen is needed to avoid cross-contamination.

Download Full-text