scholarly journals Економски систем Кине – реформе и економски раст // The Chinese Economic System – Reforms and economic growth

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Славиша Ковачевић ◽  
Дијана Бојић
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Party System ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Pr China ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Резиме: НР Кина је у посљедње три деценије остварила импресивну стопу економског раста. Реформе које је спровео Денг Сјаопинг 1978. године омогућиле су да изразито сиромашна, затворена, планска привреда постане највећи свјетски извозник и најатрактивнија земља за страна улагања. Кина континуирано биљежи високе стопе раста, суфицит платног биланса и текућег рачуна, висок прилив страних директних инвестиција, високе стопе штедње, као и највеће девизне резерве у свијету. Иако је убрзан економски раст побољшао животни стандард Кинеза, велики дио становништва се још увијек бори са екстремним сиромаштвом. Све више су изражене социјалне и економске разлике између становника ове земље, а постојање једнопартијског система довело је и до проблема корупције, незаштићености радника, недовољне социјалне и здравствене заштите, као и недовољне заштите животне средине. Кинеске власти су постале свјесне да би нерјешавање ових проблема могло довести у питање даљи напредак, те су се одлучили на промјену стратегије раста. Последња предвиђања доказују да Кина и даље иде у правом смјеру, те да би већ ове године могла преузети лидерску позицију у свјетској економији.Summary: In the last three decades, the PR China has made impressive rate of economic growth. The reforms carried out by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 have enabled very poor, closed, planned economy to become the world’s largest exporter and the most attractive country for foreign investments. China has continuously recorded high growth rates, balance of payments surplus and a current account surplus, a large inflow of foreign direct investments, high savings rates, as well as the largest foreign exchange reserves in the world.Although rapid economic growth has improved the living standard of Chinese people, a large part of the population is still struggling with extreme poverty. Social and economic inequalities in this country are becoming more emphasized, and the one-party system led to the problems of corruption, lack of protection of workers, lack of social and health care, and insufficient protection of the environment. Chinese authorities had become aware that neglect of these issues could threaten further progress and they decided to change the strategy of growth. Last projections show that China is still going in the right direction, and it could take a leading position in the world economy this year.

scholarly journals FOREIGN INVESTMENTS AS DEVELOPMENT FACTOR FOR OVERCOMING ECONOMIC STAGNATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Petrusheva ◽  
Aleksandar Nikolovski
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
Economic Stagnation ◽  
The Republic

Amongst economists there is a broad consensus that in order to overcome economic stagnation the economic growth model should be more directed towards increasing investments and export and less reliant on consumption. The stable commitment towards improving the business ambient, the implementation of structural reforms in the field of competitiveness, the export sector as well as investments in infrastructure and education are the fundamental prerequisites to be realized for the opening of perspectives in the overall social development of the countries in the Western Balkans, including the Republic of Macedonia. The dominant driving force of economic growth – investments (foreign and domestic) have not been sufficiently implemented so that structural economic problems such as the low GDP growth rate, unsatisfactory export, unfavourable industrial structure have been present during the entire periodsince the independence of the Republic of Macedonia. Unlike other countries in Middle and Eastern Europe such as Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia in which foreign capital was steered towards manufacturing higher added value products, in the Republic of Macedonia investment entered mainly the trade and the banking industry, and quite less in manufacturing.Lacking own significant capacities for considerable increase of the gross-investment rate, assets sources for investments must be found in foreign accumulation, particularly via foreign direct investments so as not to increase the degree indebting the country. The global economic and financial crisis which spread over Europe in the last years has motivated the countries in the Western Balkans, including the Republic of Macedonia, to engage into a more active and more aggressive attraction of foreign capital. Foreign direct investments are considered the highest economic priority for long-term development, whereas the benefits to the national economy are multiple and influence the reduction of unemployment, increase of export, inflow of new technology, knowledge and skills, as well as improvement of the population’s living standard. However, despite the commitment, reforms and activities undertaken to attract FDI, the countries of the Western Balkans are facing remarks from investors for having an insufficiently reformed judicial system, bureaucratic issues, inefficient public administration and corruption. Therefore, it is essential to work continually on improving the macroeconomic environment and implement a long-term strategy to attract FDI through active policies.

From a Five to a Six-Party System? Prospects of the Right-wing Extremist NPD

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Decker ◽  
Lazaros Miliopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
Party System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Nazi Ideology ◽  
Nazi Past ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Right-wing extremist and populist parties operate in a rather difficult social and political environment in Germany, rendering notable electoral success fairly improbable, especially when compared to other European countries. The main reason for this is the continuing legacy of the Nazi past. Nevertheless the neo-Nazi National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) managed to gain substantial votes in recent Land elections and became the leading force in the right-wing extremist political camp. Its success is attributable to rightwing extremist attitudes in some parts of the electorate in connection with a widespread feeling of political discontent. Nevertheless, it is questionable whether the NPD will be able to transform these attitudes into a viable ideological basis for two main reasons. On the one hand, maintaining a neo-Nazi ideology makes the NPD unattractive to many potential voters. On the other hand, given its internal power struggles and severe financial problems, the party may be unable to meet its challenges in organizational terms.

Die bayerische Landtagswahl vom 14. Oktober 2018: Signal für nachhaltigen Wandel auch im Bund?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer-Olaf Schultze
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
Green Party ◽  
The Social ◽  
Total Vote ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
Democratic Parties ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Near Future

The outcome of the election marks a deep shift not only in Bavarian politics but also corresponds to Germany’s ongoing restructuring of its electorate and the changing configuration of its party system at large: (1) The two catch-all parties suffered dramatic losses of more than ten percentage points; the conservative CSU lost its parliamentary majority in the state legislature, tallying less than 40 percent, the social-democratic SPD even less than ten percent of the total vote . (2) The voting behaviour is characterised by high volatility and processes of polarisation, caused by growing cleavages between town and country, between the generational as well as religious divides and the ongoing occupational differentiation in the electorate . Ideologically, these divides correlate with liberal and cosmopolitan mind-sets and (post-)modern urban lifestyles, the main electoral base of the Green party, on the one hand versus the more conservative and traditional rural electorates on the other . Their influence on the newly formed coalition between the CSU and the “Free Voters” will be more pronounced, while the populist and in part anti-pluralist electorate rallies behind the right-wing AfD . (3) In Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria and Hesse, the Green party has now replaced the SPD as the main electoral contender of the Christian-democratic parties; it remains to be seen whether their electoral fortunes can be extended to the northern and eastern parts of the country in the near future .

“Reform and Openness”: Why China's Economic Reforms Have Delayed Democracy

2002 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Political Liberalization ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
East Asian Economies

Most theories that seek to explain democratization look to changes in the economy as the precursor to significant political liberalization, locating the main causal factor in either severe economic crisis or rapid economic growth. In the Chinese context, by contrast, the Communist Party has extricated itself from the socialist social contract with the urban working class without losing its grip on political power. Moreover, China has maintained a rapid pace of economic growth for over twenty-five years without significant political liberalization. Comparative analysis of China's post-1978 reform policies yields insights both across types of socialist transition, comparing China with Eastern Europe and Russia, and across time, comparing China with other high-growth East Asian economies. A key factor in China's ability to reform the economy without sacrificing political control is the timing and sequencing of its foreign direct investment (FDl) liberalization. There are two key variables that are important to this comparative analysis: China's pattern of ownership diversification and China's mode of integration into the global economy. The article relates these two variables to the success of economic change without political liberalization, in particular, how FDI liberalization has affected relations between workers and the ruling Communist Party. “Reform and openness” in this context resulted in a strengthened Chinese state, a weakened civil society (especially labor), and a delay in political liberalization.

scholarly journals Hak Atas Air dan Kewajiban Negara dalam Pemenuhan Akses terhadap Air

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arinto Nurcahyono ◽  
Husni Syam ◽  
Yuhka Sundaya
Keyword(s):  
Current Problem ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Social Good ◽  
Human Need ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Gain Access

Water is a basic need of human being, no one can live without water and ithas no substitution. Water is a a requirement of adequate living standard for the healthand well-being of all human being..The current problem is the availability of water infulfill the human need is decreased. On the one hand there is the view that water isa commodity while the other side said that water is a social good.. The right to waterimplies that everyone should have access to water without discrimination. The state’srole is indispensable when people are not in the same position in getting water, thedifferences position of people can occur not only a problem of economic inequality, butalso the specific natural conditions in a certain region. Such differences make some partsof society difficult to gain access to water, and in this situation, the presence of the stateis strong required.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF HUMAN CAPITAL INDICATORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE ‎IRAQI ECONOMY FOR THE PERIOD (2004-2017)‎

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (05) ◽  
pp. 266-280
Author(s):  
Sohaila Abdul-Zahra Zahra AL-HUJAIMI‎ ◽  
Nidal Shaker Jawdat AL-HASHEMI
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Training System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
The One ◽  
And Training

The Process of rapid Economic growth provides the opportunity for countries the creation ‎of human capital capable of increasing productivity, improving job opportunities and ‎raising the quality level of community life, but the process of preparing it requires an ‎efficient and effective educational and training system on the one hand، and providing the ‎highest possible health level as a key to increasing production and raising productivity on ‎the other hand. This research has dealt with the analysis of human capital indicators for ‎the period (2004-2017) in Iraq.‎‏ ‏the study concluded that to these indicators of knowledge - ‎education - health -training- income, are the main pillars for achieving economic growth in ‎all areas of life during the study period. The study recommends giving attention to the ‎human capital and employing it in production process in a way that reduces societal ‎disparities and enhances, perhaps economic growth‎‎. Keywords: Human Capita, Knowledge, Education, Health, Economic Growth

scholarly journals Interpretation of Economic Growth and Water Pollution Intsity Based on EKC model

2021 ◽  
Vol 292 ◽  
pp. 03045
Author(s):  
Li Qiang ◽  
Huang Jianmin ◽  
Wang Wenrui ◽  
Wang Xuerong
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Spatial Econometric ◽  
Spatially Correlated ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
The One ◽  
Pollution Emissions ◽  
And Control

Based on the extended Environmental Kuznets model (EKC) and the spatial econometric method, this paper analyzes the emission intensity data of water pollution of Chinese provinces and cities from 2004 to 2018 to identify the key factors that could result in water pollution by different periods of time and by different regions as well as to initiate discussions over potential policies to be taken in the future. The results have two implications: on the one hand, water pollution is highly spatially correlated among different Chinese regions and the economic growth indicators such as GDP per capita and the number of lights show an inverted U-shaped nonlinear relationship with the intensity of water pollution emissions. As water pollution demonstrates both leakage effect and spillover effect, it is important to strengthen the implementation strategy featuring comprehensive planning and joint prevention and control. This paper also locates the performance of each region on the EKC curve. As demonstrated in the results, Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin have become the first ones to manage to cross the inflection point and maintain at this level. Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shandong and other eastern coastal areas are situated in the peak of the EKC curve, with enormous emission reduction pressure. Most of the provinces in the central region are located at the left side of the peak, and are suffering from serious water pollution resulted from rapid economic growth. Meanwhile, the intensity of water pollution in the western region of China is increasing rapidly. It is integral to seize the opportunity of supply-side reform to speed up the industrial restructuring, and try not to repeat the old lesson of treatment after pollution. In conclusion, it is suggested that governments at all levels should formulate and customize their policies based on their location on the EKC curve, so as to achieve positive dynamics between economic growth and water pollution control.

Public Opinion and Political Parties in France

1952 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 1069-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Duverger
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Third Republic ◽  
Political Life ◽  
French Politics ◽  
National Assembly ◽  
Fourth Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Political Groups

To any observer the French party system is bewildering. On the one hand, he sees that ten parliamentary groups are officially established in the National Assembly (not including the Overseas Independents); and, at the same time, he notes that only five of them are really organized throughout the country, and so entitled to be considered “parties” in the true sense of the word: the RPF, the Radicals, the MRP, the Socialists, and the Communists. On the other hand, he observes that the ablest French specialists in electoral sociology—particularly André Siegfried and his disciple, François Goguel—consider that, behind the apparent profusion of political groups, two basic divisions are always found, the continuing opposition of which has supplied for more than a century the essential dynamics of French politics. These two divisions are, of course, the Right and the Left, traditionally called “Order” and “Movement.” Nevertheless, the brief history of the Fourth Republic reveals an attempt to break down these two blocs, and to build a “Third Force” from smaller units. Under various names, such a Third Force has governed France from March, 1947, to March, 1952; and if our hypothetical observer will look back and analyze the political life of the Third Republic, he will find the same tendency there, not so marked and not so strong, but always present.

scholarly journals How to Sustain Growth in a Resource Based Economy (The Main Concepts and their Application to the Russian Case)

2006 ◽  
pp. 24-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ahrend
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Resource Dependence ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Rich Natural Resource ◽  
Resource Endowments ◽  
The Right

In recent years economists have come to see rich natural resource endowments as a "curse" that inevitably slows economic growth. Nonetheless, as the examples of a number of countries show, this situation is not fatal. The article argues that serious challenges posed by resource dependence can be overcome if accompanied by the right economic policies. The paper looks specifically at Russia as a prominent example of a resource-based economy and makes recommendations that would help it to sustain high growth.

scholarly journals Foreign Trade Regime and Savings in Pakistan

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (4II) ◽  
pp. 883-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zafar Mahmood ◽  
Mohammad Ali Qasim
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
National Income ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Is Strategy ◽  
Trade Regimes

Without generating high growth rates of national income, a country cannot make a sustained attack on poverty, unemployment, and other economic problems. Developing countries have, generally, pursued the goal of rapid economic growth with the help of industrialisation. In this regard, an optimal structure of the industries enables a country to experience 'sustainable' economic growth. Countries adopt various trade strategies to allocate resources to their optimal use in order to exploit their industrial potential. Developing countries, including Pakistan, have adopted the import -substituting (IS) trade strategy to foster industrialisation.1 But the disillusionment with the IS strategy and its results is increasing over time. Contributing to this trend is the remarkable increases in growth rates by many countries that have shifted to an export-promoting (EP) trade strategy. At the same time came a fundamental question of the adequacy of economic growth itself. That is to what extent the economic growth under the IS strategy has given rise to the unfavourable results with respect to employment, capital accumulation, and income distribution. Analysis of these effects presents a tall order and we do not go that far in their evaluation. In this study we restrict ourselves to the question how various trade regimes are related with savings. The nature of this relation is somewhat complex.

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