scholarly journals Note historique sur les effets externes

2009 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Jacques Laffont
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Note ◽  
Second Best ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Pecuniary Externalities ◽  
Artificial Markets ◽  
Technological Externalities ◽  
The Creation

Abstract This historical note describes from Sidgwick on the evolution of the concepts related to the interdependencies of economic agents outside markets. In a first section, we show how the concept of externality introduced by some precursors had later to reemerge from the confuse discussion of "empty boxes". The second sector clarifies the distinction between two avenues of research, the first one associated with pecuniary externalities, the other one associated with technological externalities. Coase's criticisms of Pigouvian policy are developed in section 3. In a last section we gather the main results obtained recently by economic theory in this field. In particular we discuss the difficulties of the creation of artificial markets, the second best approaches often needed in a Pigouvian policy, results of game theory in models with externalities, planning with externalities.

Relationship Lending and Entrepreneurial Behavior

2018 ◽  
pp. 65-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando A. Moya Dávila
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Small Business ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relationship Lending ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Entrepreneurial Behavior ◽  
Building Relationships ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
The Relationship

Using a game theory approach to model the behavior of entrepreneurs and banks, I develop a new theoretical model supporting the idea that when a relationship is weak and is not considered in economic transactions, thereby causing a bank to disregard a small business entrepreneur's actions, both economic agents (i.e., the bank and the entrepreneur) will lose economic rents. On the other hand, when a relationship is strong and an entrepreneur's actions are observed, the resulting economic rents will be such that each party will be better off building a relationship than not building it. A major contribution of this theoretical model is the introduction of a relationship index (new to the relationship lending literature) that measures the speed of building relationships between banks and small business entrepreneurs and the limit of these relationships. The index is easy to understand because it reveals information about the degree of the relationship (considering speed and limit) between a bank and a small business entrepreneur.

scholarly journals Note sur les apports de Sismondi à la théorie classique

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Arena
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Classical Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Economic Evolution ◽  
Classical Analysis ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Classical Economic

ABSTRACT The topic of the paper is to estimate the importance of the contribution of Sismondi's economic analysis to the classical economic theory. To do this, the theoretical framework and the main concepts of the latter approach are first described. Three main themes allow us to distinguish the classical theory between the other ones: its conception of time and economic evolution, its apprehension of the different categories of economic agents and its analysis of wealth and prices. The paper deals with each theme and analyses its contents and place in Sismondi's work. The study of the relation between time and economie evolution allows the introduction of uncertainty in the perfect foresight classical scheme. As far as the notion of economic agent is concerned, Sismondi specified the classical conception of social classes in capitalism. Finally, in his treatment of wealth and prices, Sismondi emphasizes the importance of market forces and gluts. The conclusions of the paper are the following: Sismondi's approach and classical analysis cannot be interpreted as inconsistent; moreover, Sismondi can be considered both as Ricardo's successor and as Keynes' predecessor.

Working With Interpreters to Support Students Who Are English Language Learners

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henriette W. Langdon ◽  
Terry Irvine Saenz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
English Language Learners ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
English Language ◽  
First Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Language ◽  
Second Best ◽  
Support Students

The number of English Language Learners (ELL) is increasing in all regions of the United States. Although the majority (71%) speak Spanish as their first language, the other 29% may speak one of as many as 100 or more different languages. In spite of an increasing number of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who can provide bilingual services, the likelihood of a match between a given student's primary language and an SLP's is rather minimal. The second best option is to work with a trained language interpreter in the student's language. However, very frequently, this interpreter may be bilingual but not trained to do the job.

Structuralism as a Pamphlet (On the Book by E. Reinert “How Rich CountriesGot Rich... And Why Poor Countries Stay Poor”. 2nd ed.)

2014 ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
P. Orekhovsky
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Increasing Returns ◽  
The Other ◽  
Static Theory ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Historical School ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Relationship

The review outlines the connection between E. Reinert’s book and the tradition of structural analysis. The latter allows for the heterogeneity of industries and sectors of the economy, as well as for the effects of increasing and decreasing returns. Unlike the static theory of international trade inherited from the Ricardian analysis of comparative advantage, this approach helps identify the relationship between trade, production, income and population growth. Reinert rehabilitates the “other canon” of economic theory associated with the mercantilist tradition, F. Liszt and the German historical school, as well as a reconside ration of A. Marshall’s analysis of increasing returns. Empirical illustrations given in the book reveal clear parallels with the path of Russian socio-economic development in the last twenty years.

CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE SYSTEM OF SPECIAL TYPES OF TECHNICAL SUPPORT

2018 ◽  
pp. 135-139
Author(s):  
A. N. Mironov ◽  
V. V. Lisitskiy
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
System Approach ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Technical Support ◽  
Technical System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alert System ◽  
Empirical Basis ◽  
The Creation

In the article on set-theoretic level, developed a conceptual model of the system of special types of technical support for difficult organizational-technical system. The purpose of conceptualizing the creation of a system of interrelated and stemming from one of the other views on certain objects, phenomena, processes associated with the system of special types of technical support. In the development of applied concepts and principles of the methodology of system approach. The empirical basis for the development of the conceptual model has served many fixed factors obtained in the warning system and require formalization and theoretical explanation. The novelty of the model lies in the account of the effect of environment directly on the alert system. Therefore, in the conceptual model of the system of special types of technical support included directly in the conceptual model of the system of special types and conceptual model of the environment. Part of the conceptual model of the environment is included in the conceptual model of the enemy of nature and co-systems.

The Image of the Hasmoneans: A New Perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vered Noam
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Temple ◽  
The Other ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
The Creation ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The One

In attempting to characterize Second Temple legends of the Hasmoneans, the concluding chapter identifies several distinct genres: fragments from Aramaic chronicles, priestly temple legends, Pharisaic legends, and theodicean legends explaining the fall of the Hasmonean dynasty. The chapter then examines, by generation, how Josephus on the one hand, and the rabbis on the other, reworked these embedded stories. The Josephan treatment aimed to reduce the hostility of the early traditions toward the Hasmoneans by imposing a contrasting accusatory framework that blames the Pharisees and justifies the Hasmonean ruler. The rabbinic treatment of the last three generations exemplifies the processes of rabbinization and the creation of archetypal figures. With respect to the first generation, the deliberate erasure of Judas Maccabeus’s name from the tradition of Nicanor’s defeat indicates that they chose to celebrate the Hasmonean victory but concealed its protagonists, the Maccabees, simply because no way was found to bring them into the rabbinic camp.

B is for Bias

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Calin Valsan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Rational Expectations ◽  
Economic Environment ◽  
Rational Agents ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Behavioral Biases ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Economic

Standard economic theory assumes rational agents. Individuals are expected to have rational expectations and constantly optimize their choices. Modern economic and financial theory is build under the assumption of rationality. There is plenty of evidence from psychology, however, that individuals are biased and rely heavily on heuristics in order to make decisions. Yet, this is not a mere fluke, a behavioral oddity. Because the social and economic environment in which individuals evolve is complex, behavioral biases represent evolutionary adaptations allowing economic agents to deal with undecidability and computational irreducibility.

Borges, Pierre Menard, rhizomaticity, and the simulation of palimpsestic writing

Semiotica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (222) ◽  
pp. 313-320
Author(s):  
Fernando De Toro
Keyword(s):  
Don Quixote ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Creation

AbstractPierre Menard, Author of Don Quixote shares with Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius several central aspects in the construction of the text, fundamentally the doubling of writing: that of Borges and Pierre Menard, where both simulate to tell story that it never gets told; and the creation of a world that is generated from pure discursivity.The text is divided in two sections, as indicated by Borges himself: one is the visible work of Pierre Menard, and the other is inconclusive work (1962 [1956]: 48–55). The first part is a catalogue of Menard’s library and the second letters by Menard addressed to Borges. In what follows we will analyze the gesture of inscribing writing.

POVERTY TRAPS AND INFERIOR GOODS IN A DYNAMIC HECKSCHER–OHLIN MODEL

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1227-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric W. Bond ◽  
Kazumichi Iwasa ◽  
Kazuo Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Steady State ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Steady States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Poverty Traps ◽  
Poverty Trap ◽  
Multiple Steady States ◽  
The World ◽  
State Capital

We extend the dynamic Heckscher–Ohlin model in Bond et al. [Economic Theory(48, 171–204, 2011)] and show that if the labor-intensive good is inferior, then there may exist multiple steady states in autarky and poverty traps can arise. Poverty traps for the world economy, in the form of Pareto-dominated steady states, are also shown to exist. We show that the opening of trade can have the effect of pulling the initially poorer country out of a poverty trap, with both countries having steady state capital stocks exceeding the autarky level. However, trade can also pull an initially richer country into a poverty trap. These possibilities are a sharp contrast with dynamic Heckscher–Ohlin models with normality in consumption, where the country with the larger (smaller) capital stock than the other will reach a steady state where the level of welfare is higher (lower) than in the autarkic steady state.

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