scholarly journals Effectiveness of carbon dioxide in compressed gas or solid formulation for the control of insects and mites in stored wheat and barley

2005 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.D.G. White ◽  
D.S. Jayas
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Compressed Gas ◽  
Grain Bulks

Carbon dioxide can be used as an effective stored-grain fumigant in relatively air-tight bins. Carbon dioxide was added to wheat (Triticum aestivum) as a compressed gas and to barley (Hordeum vulgare) as a solid (dry ice) in 322-kg grain bulks. Wheat was stored at temperature decreasing from 18 to 10°C over a 12-wk period. Bins were left open, sealed without C02 added, or with C02 supplemented at 25,34, and 46% levels. Barley was stored at temperature decreasing from 25 to 20°C over an 8-wk period. Bins were left open, sealed without C02 added, or with C02 treatments of 23, 29, and 34%. The wheat and barley moisture content were 14.5-16.3% and 14.5-16.1%, respectively. Oxygen levels in the wheat reflected air displacement with C02, but lower O2 levels in the barley reflected a combination of air displacement by C02 and consumption of O2 by respiring grain and microorganisms at the warmer temperatures. The insects Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Tribolium castaneum were controlled in 2 wk at 34% C02 and 15% O2 at temperature decreasing from 18 to 10°C, or 29% C02 and 3% O2 at temperature decreasing from 25 to 20°C. The mites Tarsonemus granarius, Lepidoglyphus destructor, and Aeroglyphus robustus were killed in less than 2 wk at these C02 levels. Seed germination and microflora were unaffected by all gaseous environments.

scholarly journals Intra- and interspecific interactions among Tribolium castaneum and Cryptolestes ferrugineus in stored wheat at different insect densities

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj B. Hulasare ◽  
Noel D.G. White ◽  
Digvir S. Jayas ◽  
Colin J. Demianyk
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Hard Red Spring Wheat ◽  
Species Combination ◽  
Insect Density

Summary Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Tribolium castaneum are important economical pests of stored grain in Canada. Insects were reared separately or together on hard red spring wheat at three insect densities representing 1000, 500, and 250 adults per kilogram of wheat for single species and twice that of single densities for mixed species, in the laboratory (30°C, 70% RH). The experiment was conducted on dry (12% moisture content [MC], wet basis) and damp wheat (15% MC, wet basis). Adults were sampled every 2 weeks over a 10-week period. Sifted wheat was incubated at 30°C, 70% RH for 4 weeks to observe the number of adults emerging from immatures present under the seed coat of the wheat germ. All experiments were replicated four times. Initial insect densities, moisture content, and species combination had significant effects on the resulting adult population. Adult numbers for both species were higher on 15% MC wheat. In 12% MC wheat, T. castaneum numbers were higher than C. ferrugineus numbers when reared separately whereas this was reversed in 15% MC grain. Cryptolestes ferrugineus populations were significantly higher when reared with T. castaneum than when reared as a single species on 12% MC grain. The trend was reversed in 15% MC grain. At both grain moistures, T. castaneum numbers were higher as an isolated species compared to when reared with C. ferrugineus. The study suggested that T. castaneum populations were inhibited in the presence of C. ferrugineus. High insect density often accentuated these effects.

DIATOMACEOUS EARTH TO CONTROL CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE) IN STORED BARLEY IN FARM GRANARIES

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Fields ◽  
Zlatko Korunic
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Diatomaceous Earth ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Red Flour Beetle ◽  
Pitfall Traps ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

AbstractGranary trials to determine the efficacy of an enhanced diatomaceous earth (DE) formulation (Protect-It™) at 0.15 kg DE/t grain to control grain-feeding beetles in barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), were conducted at Glenlea, Manitoba. During the test, the grain moisture content ranged from 11 to 13%, and grain temperature ranged from 27 to 2 °C. The bulk density of barley was reduced 10–20 kg/m3 by the addition of diatomaceous earth. Adults of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), were released onto the top surface of the grain of each granary, producing an average density of approximately 4 insects/kg grain. Using Berlese funnels to extract insects from grain samples there was a 95% reduction in adults and an 80% reduction in larvae found in treated grain compared with untreated grain, 1 month after releasing insects into the grain. There was a 95% or greater decrease in the total number of insects caught with probe pitfall traps in the treated barley compared with the untreated barley for all sampling dates. For the confined populations, 200 adult C. ferrugineus or Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (red flour beetle) were held in screened jars in the grain until the end of October, and there was over a 99% reduction in both insect species, compared with insects held on untreated grain. These results indicate that this diatomaceous earth formulation can control C. ferrugineus in barley in granaries at 0.15 kg DE/t grain.

Convective-diffusive Transport of Carbon Dioxide Through Stored-grain Bulks

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 1505-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Alagusundaram ◽  
D. S. Jayas ◽  
W. E. Muir ◽  
N. D. G. White
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Diffusive Transport ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Grain Bulks

scholarly journals Synergistic Effect of Phosphine and Carbon Dioxide on the Mortality of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in Paddy

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 503
Author(s):  
R. Meenatchi ◽  
R. P. S. J. Alice ◽  
P. P. Paulin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Gas Generation ◽  
Stored Product Pests ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Fumigation Chamber ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Phosphine (PH3) is widely used as a fumigant for the control of stored product pests. Indiscriminate use of PH3 leads to the development of resistant strains. Thus, an experiment was conducted in a laboratory scale fumigation chamber to determine the synergistic effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) and PH3 on the mortality of Tribolium castaneum during fumigation of paddy. PH3 gas generation varies depending upon grain moisture content and dosage of PH3 used for fumigation treatment. Thus, the maximum PH3 concentration with respect to saturation time was achieved when paddy were treated with 98% CO2 + 3 ppmPH3 at 17% moisture content, leading to a quick mortality of different life stages of T. castaneum with minimum LT50 and LT99 value. Among the different stages of T. castaneum, pupal stage was more resistant to all the treatments compared to larva and adult stages. PH3 residues in all the treatments were below the recommended level and it can be considered as safe for consumption.

The locomotor activity of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera:Cucujidae) in wheat

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1177-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Watters
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Continuous Illumination ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Grain Bulks ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Moisture content was the factor that most affected locomotor activity of Cryptolestes ferrugineus in wheat at 15°, 22°, and 28 °C. More insects emigrated from dry than from damp wheat; accelerated emigration from damp wheat after 4 days at 28° was attributed to the growth of storage fungi, primarily Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. Emigration was not different at insect densities ranging from 5 to 50 insects per 98 g of wheat.C. ferrugineus was positively geotactic except in wheat which had been previously infested. Emigration was stimulated in daylight and by continuous illumination, but was depressed in darkness.Starved insects were less active than unstarved insects in dry wheat, but both groups were equally active in damp wheat. Insects were more active in dry than in damp wheat, but activity did not differ when both wheats were cracked to provide more accessible feeding sites. Locomotor activity in moldy wheat was related to preconditioning; more insects preconditioned for 3 days in dry wheat remained in moldy wheat than did those preconditioned for 3 days on damp wheat.The results suggest that insects concentrate in damp or cracked wheat because they can feed, oviposit, and develop more readily than is possible in dry wheat. Thus, in grain bulks C. ferrugineus tends to disperse in dry regions and to concentrate in moister regions.

ELIMINATION OF MICROFLORA FROM BARLEY KERNELS WITH ETHYLENE OXIDE

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. BUSHNELL
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Microbial Contaminants

Microbial contaminants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) kernels were killed by a mixture of 12% ethylene oxide and 88% dichlorodifluoromethane applied at room temperature in a canister for 3 h at a pressure of 3.0–3.3 atm. The treatment was effective with kernels that contained 10.9–12.6% moisture. After exposure of such kernels to gas, 94–100% were contaminant-free; 59–99% germinated. Results were less satisfactory with: (a) ethylene oxide applied to barley kernels with moisture content less than 10%; (b) ethylene oxide applied to kernels of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or oats (Avena sativa L.) with 3.0–12.6% moisture; or (c) propylene oxide applied to barley kernels at 5.3–13.2% moisture. With proper control of moisture content, the ethylene oxide method is recommended for those lots of barley kernels that are difficult to free of microbial contaminants by other methods.

RENDEMENT EN GRAINS DE PARCELLES DE CEREALES DE PRINTEMPS ORIGINANT DE SEMENCES CONTAMINEES PAR DES Fusarium spp

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUC COUTURE
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Yield Decrease

Seed lots from different cultivars of oats (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) were compared in yield tests at two sites in Quebec. For each cultivar, two seed lots were used, one with a low level of seed-borne Fusarium (average 4%) and the other with a high level (average 47%). Yield increases or decreases in the presence of Fusarium were observed according to cultivars. Positive or negative trend in yield was similar at both sites but with different magnitudes. Barley was the most affected cereal with three out of four cultivars undergoing yield decrease. One wheat cultivar out of three sustained yield decrease and none of the three oats suffered damage by Fusarium. Seed germination appears to be a factor to consider in selecting lots for such comparisons.Key words: Yield, Avena sativa, Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum, Fisarium, cultivars

ECOLOGY OF STORED GRAIN IN THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES: I. THE DISTRIBUTION AND SIZE OF A LOW DENSITY POPULATION OF CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE)

1978 ◽  
Vol 110 (12) ◽  
pp. 1281-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
First Year ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Storage Density ◽  
Insect Density ◽  
Density Population

AbstractTwo metal granaries each containing 27.3 tonnes of dry wheat (13–14% m.c.) were artificially infested with Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and sampled for up to 4 years to determine fluctuations in insect density as influenced by changes in grain temperature and moisture content during storage. Density remained low (fewer than 5 insects/kg) throughout the period of study. Most insects were found at the floor near the wall on the south side of the granary. The temperature in the centre of the grain mass ranged from −5° to 22 °C during the 4 years. During a single season, moisture content varied as much as 5% at the centre near the surface of each grain mass, but did not vary more than 1% at other locations. In the first year of storage, the viability of the wheat ranged from 80% to 96%, and after 3 years in storage, 68% to 100%. Since no significant change was recorded in the temperature, moisture content, or germination of the wheat in the granaries, it was concluded that the biological activity of a low density population of C. ferrugineus does not initiate heating that occasionally occurs in farm-stored grain in Canada.

INSECTS IN STORED CEREALS, AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH FARMING PRACTICES IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.J. Madrid ◽  
N.D.G. White ◽  
S.R. Loschiavo
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Red Flour Beetle ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Grain Bulks ◽  
Sampling Times

AbstractOne or more insects were captured during 1 week in probe traps placed in granaries holding wheat, barley, or oats in 51% (n = 116) of grain bulks in the fall of 1986, 88% (n = 111) in the summer of 1987, and 85% (n = 106) in the fall of 1987. Fungivorous insects were the most common and predominant group at all sampling times. Granivorous species were the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Grain in galvanized steel and wooden granaries was usually infested with insects to the same extent; granaries with or without aeration systems usually contained the same number of species; small bulks of grain often were infested less frequently than large bulks; the presence of livestock feed on farms did not result in greater insect incidence; and insecticide use in granaries did not prevent re-infestation of grain and insecticide use increased from 24% in 1986 to 31% in the fall of 1987. The kinds of insects detected in grain stored with various farming practices, and co-occurrence with other arthropods in the grain provides baseline information on potentially changing patterns of infestation.

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