The locomotor activity of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera:Cucujidae) in wheat

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1177-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Watters
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Continuous Illumination ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Grain Bulks ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Moisture content was the factor that most affected locomotor activity of Cryptolestes ferrugineus in wheat at 15°, 22°, and 28 °C. More insects emigrated from dry than from damp wheat; accelerated emigration from damp wheat after 4 days at 28° was attributed to the growth of storage fungi, primarily Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. Emigration was not different at insect densities ranging from 5 to 50 insects per 98 g of wheat.C. ferrugineus was positively geotactic except in wheat which had been previously infested. Emigration was stimulated in daylight and by continuous illumination, but was depressed in darkness.Starved insects were less active than unstarved insects in dry wheat, but both groups were equally active in damp wheat. Insects were more active in dry than in damp wheat, but activity did not differ when both wheats were cracked to provide more accessible feeding sites. Locomotor activity in moldy wheat was related to preconditioning; more insects preconditioned for 3 days in dry wheat remained in moldy wheat than did those preconditioned for 3 days on damp wheat.The results suggest that insects concentrate in damp or cracked wheat because they can feed, oviposit, and develop more readily than is possible in dry wheat. Thus, in grain bulks C. ferrugineus tends to disperse in dry regions and to concentrate in moister regions.

FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH HOT SPOTS IN FARM STORED GRAIN

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. H. Wallace ◽  
R. N. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Viable Seed ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Bulk Heating ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Grain Bulks ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Water Contents

The temperature, moisture, germination and fungal relationships of normal and heated wheat and oats collected from grain bulks in 13 granaries in Manitoba and Saskatchewan were determined during the falls and winters of 1957–60. Eight bulks were studied in detail. It was found that hot spots could develop anywhere in a bin. Temperatures up to 53 °C. (in winter) were obtained and were usually highest at the base of the bulk. Heating grain was relatively dry (less than 11 per cent) except along the surface. The highest water contents (27 per cent) in the bulks always occurred in the gram along the surface layers. Loss of germinability could occur anywhere in the bulk. Field fungi, such as Alternaria, were common in viable seed, but negligible in heated grain. The seeds in hot spots were predominantly infected by storage fungi, among which Penicillium spp. were the most abundant, even in relatively dry grain at the 6-foot depth. Other fungi commonly found were Aspergillus spp., especially A. flavus Link, A. fumigatus Fresenius, A. versicolor (Vuillemin) Tiraboschi and Absidia spp. Actinomycetes (Streptomyces) were common in some heating grain bulks.

Canonical correlations of seed viability, seed-borne fungi, and environment in bulk grain ecosystems

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Sinha ◽  
H. A. H. Wallace ◽  
F. S. Chebib
Keyword(s):  
Canonical Correlation ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Streptomyces Griseus ◽  
Canonical Correlations ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Canonical Variates ◽  
Alternaria Tenuis ◽  
Grain Bulks ◽  
Biological Environment ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Canonical correlation analyses were performed to determine relationships among seed-viability, fungi, and environment in two bulk grain ecosystems. Measurements of 20 variables were made on 8135 samples from two wheat bulks in a farm granary in Winnipeg during 1959–1967. The canonical vectors were interpreted by correlating each set of two canonical variates with the original variates on which they were based. The highest and the second highest significant (P < 0.001) canonical correlation for each combination were field fungi and germination vs. non-biological environment, 0.91 and 0.32; storage fungi vs. non-biological environment, 0.77 and 0.42; field fungi and germination vs. storage fungi, 0.78 and 0.35. In aging grain bulks the attack of the storage fungi Chaetomium funicolum, Streptomyces griseus, Aspergillus spp., and Rhizopus arrhizus involves the loss of grain viability and decrease in the field fungi, Alternaria tenuis, Cochliobolus sativus, and Gonatobotrys simplex. Collectively grain temperature and the granary conditions are most important in the reduction of the field fungi; whereas temperature, moisture content, and time are most involved in the infestation of S. griseus, Penicillium spp., C. funicolum, Aspergillus spp., and R. arrhizus.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of carbon dioxide in compressed gas or solid formulation for the control of insects and mites in stored wheat and barley

2005 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.D.G. White ◽  
D.S. Jayas
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Compressed Gas ◽  
Grain Bulks

Carbon dioxide can be used as an effective stored-grain fumigant in relatively air-tight bins. Carbon dioxide was added to wheat (Triticum aestivum) as a compressed gas and to barley (Hordeum vulgare) as a solid (dry ice) in 322-kg grain bulks. Wheat was stored at temperature decreasing from 18 to 10°C over a 12-wk period. Bins were left open, sealed without C02 added, or with C02 supplemented at 25,34, and 46% levels. Barley was stored at temperature decreasing from 25 to 20°C over an 8-wk period. Bins were left open, sealed without C02 added, or with C02 treatments of 23, 29, and 34%. The wheat and barley moisture content were 14.5-16.3% and 14.5-16.1%, respectively. Oxygen levels in the wheat reflected air displacement with C02, but lower O2 levels in the barley reflected a combination of air displacement by C02 and consumption of O2 by respiring grain and microorganisms at the warmer temperatures. The insects Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Tribolium castaneum were controlled in 2 wk at 34% C02 and 15% O2 at temperature decreasing from 18 to 10°C, or 29% C02 and 3% O2 at temperature decreasing from 25 to 20°C. The mites Tarsonemus granarius, Lepidoglyphus destructor, and Aeroglyphus robustus were killed in less than 2 wk at these C02 levels. Seed germination and microflora were unaffected by all gaseous environments.

STORAGE STABILITY OF FARM-STORED RAPESEED AND BARLEY

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. SINHA ◽  
H. A. H. WALLACE
Keyword(s):  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Storage Stability ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Aspergillus Glaucus ◽  
Cheyletus Eruditus ◽  
Reduced Temperature

Rapeseed was more vulnerable than barley to pest infestation when 46 and 52 t, respectively, were stored in farm bins in Manitoba during 1973–76. The fat acidity of unheated barley did not increase in 3 yr, but that of rapeseed increased by 65% in the 1st yr and 120% by the 3rd yr; in a small heated pocket of rapeseed, fat acidity rose in the 3rd yr by 1,000%. Cladosporium was the major field fungus of rapeseed and Alternaria of barley. Penicillium and members of Aspergillus glaucus group were the major storage fungi associated with rapeseed. Unlike barley, rapeseed was heavily infested by grain mites, Acarus immobilis, Glycyphagus destructor, and their predators, Blattisocius keegani and Cheyletus eruditus. Test insects, Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Tribolium castaneum, introduced in both bins, could not overwinter. Turning of both crops in the spring reduced temperature and moisture differences between the warm center and cooler edges, but it also dispersed fungal spores and mites throughout the bulks. A succession of storage fungi developed in a rapeseed hot spot, caused by moisture leaking through the wall. Occurrence of A. candidus coincided with germination loss of rapeseed. High CO2 concentration (4%) for over a 9-mo period was found in the hot spot in the rapeseed bulk.

Laboratory studies on dispersion behaviour of adult beetles in grain. XII.—The effect of isolated pockets of damp and mouldy wheat on Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Steph.) (Coleoptera, Cucujidae)

1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Surtees
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Cent Moisture ◽  
Structure Dispersion ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Aspergillus Candidus ◽  
And Control

The effects of pockets of damp wheat upon the spatial structure (dispersion) of experimental populations of adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Steph.) were investigated in the laboratory. Isolated pockets of non-mouldy wheat of 18 per cent, moisture content (85 per cent. R.H.) and of equally moist wheat supporting a mould flora (mainly Aspergillus candidus) were placed in a larger bulk of wheat of 14 per cent, moisture content (70 per cent. R.H.) at 25°C. One hundred beetles were released at the centre of the top surface of the bulk, and their dispersion within it was observed one week later. The method used allowed the entire bulk (25 kg.) to be quickly broken down so that the relative numbers of individuals in each of the 64 cubes of which it was composed could be recorded. Using other apparatus, the responses of single, isolated individuals to these physical conditions were analysed.Insects reared at 25°C. and 70 per cent. R.H. accumulated to an equal extent in the pockets of damp wheat irrespective of whether it was mouldy or not. Insects in a preferendum arena went to the drier side, i.e., to 70 per cent, as opposed to 85 per cent. R.H., and the underlying mechanism was found to be a klinokinetic response to humidity. Maintaining insects at 40 or 85 per cent. R.H. for 14 days before testing did not alter their dispersion behaviour in bulks of grain; maintenance at 40 per cent. R.H. did not alter their response to humidity in a preferendum arena, but at 80 per cent. R.H. it was abolished.A study of oviposition behaviour showed that when there was a choice between wheat of 18 and 14 per cent, moisture content, nearly all the eggs were laid in the damper grain, both when it was mouldy and when it was not. It is considered that oviposition requirements, and to some extent trophic behaviour patterns, over-ride the hygrokinetic response when wheat is damp or damaged, but that under field conditions, where the presence of dust and broken grain throughout the bulk provide conditions suited for oviposition and feeding, accumulations due solely to hygrokinesis may occur in the drier parts of a bulk.The results are discussed in relation to the ecology of the species in grain and to its detection and control; and evidence from this and other studies is discussed in relation to the dynamic nature of spatial organisation of insect populations in grain.

WANDERING OF LARVAE OF CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE) AMONG WHEAT KERNELS

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 1655-1659 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Adult Density ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Wheat Kernels

AbstractWandering of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) larvae was demonstrated in the laboratory among wheat kernels at 30 °C and 15.5% moisture content, initially infested at an adult density of 0.4 adult per gram of wheat. The majority of the wandering larvae were first (37.3%) and fourth (56.0%) instars.

scholarly journals Seed health of common bean stored at constant moisture and temperature

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiana Gonçalves Francisco ◽  
Roberto Usberti
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Seed Health ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Fungal incidence in stored common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the main concern in order to preserve seed health and viability. The main aim of this study was to analyse these quality parameters in hermetically stored seeds at 10.2, 13.1, 16.2, 18.5% moisture content (MC) and 25, 30, 35, 40°C, through seed germination and health tests. Water activity recorded at 10.2 and 18.5% MC were 0.448 and 0.700, respectively. Low seed moisture content reduced Alternaria spp. incidence at 25-30°C. Highest incidence of Fusarium spp. (7.5%) occurred at 16.2% MC and 35-40°C. Highest incidences of Rhizoctonia spp. (8-10%) were recorded at 16.2-18.5% MC and 30-40°C. Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were predominant throughout the experiment and the highest incidences (80-100%; 20-30%, respectively) were scored at 18.5% MC and 30-35°C and 13.1-18.5% MC at 35°C, respectively. The higher the seed MC the higher the fungi incidence while lower seed MC decreased the incidences by 25%. Storage conditions below 30°C and 13.0% MC appear suitable to preserve common bean seed in relation to viability and health, up to a 8-month period.

scholarly journals Incidence of storage fungi and hydropriming on soybean seeds

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Santiago da Costa ◽  
Nathalie Bonassa ◽  
Ana Dionisia da Luz Coelho Novembre
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Low Incidence

Priming is a technique applicable to seeds of various plant species; however, for soybean seed there is little available information correlating such technique to the storage fungi. The objective of this study was to assess hydropriming on soybeans seeds and correlate this technique to occurrence of such fungi. For this, soon after acquisition the soybean seeds, cv. M-SOY 7908 RR, were characterized by: moisture content, mechanical damage, viability (seed germination and seedling emergence) and seed health. A completely randomized experimental design was used with treatments arranged into a factorial scheme 2 × 2 [2 levels of incidence of storage fungi (low and high) × 2 hydropriming (with and without) ]. After application of treatments, the seeds were analyzed by: moisture content, viability (seed germination and seedling emergence) and vigor (first count and accelerated aging). The hydropriming is beneficial to improve the quality of soybean seeds with low incidence of storage fungi, with increments on speed germination (first count) and seed germination after accelerated aging test. The high incidence of microorganisms can reduce the hydropriming benefits.

EFFICIENCY OF BERLESE-TULLGREN FUNNELS FOR REMOVAL OF THE RUSTY GRAIN BEETLE, CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS, FROM WHEAT SAMPLES

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. B. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Cryptolestes Ferrugineus ◽  
Wheat Sample ◽  
65 H

AbstractThe efficiency of Berlese-Tullgren funnels in removing the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), from wheat samples was tested by adding adults and larvae to wheat samples. The recovery of adults from 300 g samples was 79% at 12.3% moisture content (m.c.) and 49% at 16% m.c.; from 150 g samples the recovery was 84% at 16% m.c. The number of adults recovered represented at least 98% of those that did not escape from the top of the samples. The number that escaped varied with sample size and moisture content. The recovery of fourth instar larvae was 78% from samples of 300 g at 16% m.c. The percentage of first and second instar larvae recovered was 5.8 when larvae alone were mixed with the wheat sample and left for 65 h, 10.6 when larvae in flour were added to the surface of the wheat sample, and 27.9 when larvae in flour were added to the centre of the wheat sample.

FACTORS AFFECTING SUBSEQUENT GERMINATION OF CEREAL SEEDS SOWN IN SOILS OF SUBGERMINATION MOISTURE CONTENT

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. H. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Storage Fungi ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Standard Weight

Seeds of wheat sown in soils of subgermination moisture content sometimes decay and die. The critical moisture content at which maximum seed decay occurs is at a level approximately equal to one-half the difference between air-dry soil and soil moist enough for seed to germinate. The relationship apparently holds irrespective of soil type, even though the actual moisture percentage of different soil types at the critical level is quite distinct. “Dry” soil as used in these studies refers to air-dry soil with 8% moisture added. The subsequent germination of wheat was reduced after 3 days' incubation in “dry” soil at 30 °C, and 14–20 days at 5 °C. Germinability was reduced in strongly saline soil. Different samples of wheat varied greatly in germinability after incubation in “dry” soil. Sterilizing the “dry” soil did not change its effect on germination of various seed lots.Much of the variation in loss of germinability was correlated with thresher injuries to the seed coat. Wheat, rye, and hull-less varieties of oats and barley, especially with seeds of more than standard weight per bushel, are susceptible to thresher injury. Growth cracks, sprouting, and frost injury all affect germination adversely. Cereal seeds with hulls, or with high moisture content, or below standard weight, or of small size, and wheat without projecting embryos, are less susceptible to thresher injury, and to consequent reduction of germinability.The “field” fungi Alternaria sp. and Helminthosporium spp. grew out of cereal seeds plated on potato-sucrose agar or moistened filter paper and from germinated seeds grown in “moist” soil. After incubation in “dry” soil germinating seeds gave rise to Alternaria, but not to Helminthosporium spp. The non-germinating seeds from “dry” soil were infected by “storage” fungi, e.g. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Mucor. The “storage” fungi do not usually infect cereal seeds sown in “moist” soil, but in “dry” soil both sound and injured seed can be infected. The infection of sound seed is slow, permitting the seed to germinate, but injured seed is infected rapidly and does not germinate. The “storage” fungi invade seeds already infected by “field” fungi and inhibit the growth of the latter.All samples of treated and untreated wheat seed sown in “moist” soil gave good germination. After incubation in “dry” soil the germination of treated seed was fair to good, and of untreated seed was poor to good. Treatment with formalin before incubation in “dry” soil doubled the germination; treatment with Ceresan M, Half-ounce Leytosan, and a water soak trebled germination compared with the untreated check. However, the best treatment in “dry” soil gave 31% less germination than the untreated check sown in “moist” soil. Under “dry” soil conditions a sound seed coat appears to provide better protection against seed-decaying organisms than any seed treatment tested.

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