scholarly journals The Influence of Temperature on the Removal of Biodegradable Organic Carbon

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-187
Author(s):  
B. Welté ◽  
A. Montiel
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Slow Sand Filtration ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon

A study of the removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) has been performed in a water treatment plant where several biological steps are involved. The influence of the temperature of the raw water has been studied. The behavior of slow sand filtration (SSF) differs from that of granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration: in the case of slow sand filtration, optimum efficiency is obtained at a temperature above or equal to 15°C, whereas optimum efficiency for GAC is obtained starting from a temperature of 10°C. Slow sand filtration seems to be more efficient in BDOC removal where high temperatures are present. For low temperatures, efficiency of the two methods is comparable. For medium temperatures (10°C), GAC seems to be more efficient.

scholarly journals Preliminary investigation into the claims of the IBROM system

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-208
Author(s):  
Zahra Vojdani ◽  
Beata Gorczyca
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Reverse Osmosis Membranes

Abstract Membrane filtration is commonly applied to reduce dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to control the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs); however, high levels of DOC can cause severe fouling of reverse osmosis membranes. The integrated biological and reverse osmosis membrane (IBROM) process is a combination of biological filters and reverse osmosis membranes. The IBROM process claims to remove biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), which apparently should result in reduced membrane fouling. The goal of this research was to conduct a preliminary investigation into the claims of the IBROM system, using water collected from the Herbert water treatment plant (Saskatchewan). The plant is utilizing the IBROM for the treatment of a dugout and groundwater blend (DOC of 17.5–22.7 mg/L). The results demonstrated that BDOC concentrations did not change significantly throughout the plant. Optimized laboratory-scale coagulation with polyaluminium chlorohydrate achieved 58% removal of BDOC. Oxidation with permanganate increased the concentration of BDOC (from 5.7 to 8.8 mg/L). Overall, BDOC was effectively removed by optimized coagulation rather than the IBROM system. Moreover, the results show an inverse relationship between BDOC and THMs formation potential (THMFP) in both coagulated and oxidized water. For all concentrations, more biodegradable DOC had less tendency to form THMs based on the lower THMFP.

Combined use of microbiological and non-microbiological data to assess treatment efficacy

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.W.M.H. Smeets ◽  
G.J. Medema
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Efficacy ◽  
Monte Carlo Model ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Treatment Assessment ◽  
Microbiological Data

The treatment efficacy for reducing Campylobacter concentrations by a drinking water treatment plant was assessed using a stochastic Monte Carlo model. The goal of the study was to reduce uncertainty of the results by combining microbiological and non-microbiological data in an advanced treatment assessment. Combining raw water Campylobacter and E. coli data reduced the uncertainty on raw water (peak) concentrations five-fold. Similar improvement was achieved for rapid sand filtration. Ozone disinfection was modelled based on ozone concentrations, contact time and temperature. Since this data was available, whereas most microbiological analyses at this point were negative, uncertainty was reduced three-fold. The slow sand filtration assessment could not be improved; however, since previous steps contained less uncertainty, this did not increase uncertainty by much. The study showed that using appropriate data for each treatment step can greatly reduce uncertainty in treatment assessment.

Fuzzy control of coagulation reaction through streaming current monitoring

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Liu ◽  
M. D. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Flow Mode ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Streaming Current ◽  
On Line ◽  
Current Monitoring

A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) incorporating the streaming current detector (SDC) was utilized in the automatic control of the coagulation reaction. Kaolinite was used to prepare synthetic raw water, and ferric chloride was used as the coagulant. The control set point was decided at a streaming current (SC) of −0.05 and pH of 8.0 from jar tests, zeta potential and streaming current measurements. A bench-scale water treatment plant with rapid mix, flocculation, and sedimentation units, operated in a continuous-flow mode, was utilized to simulate the reaction. Two critical parameters affecting the coagulation reaction, i.e., pH and streaming current, were chosen as process outputs; while coagulant dose and base dose were chosen as control process inputs. They were on-line monitored and transduced through a FLC. With raw water of initial turbidity of 110 NTU, residual turbidity of lower than 10 NTU before filtration was obtained. Results show that this combination functions satisfactorily for coagulation control.

Littoral zones as sources of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon in lakes

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2454-2460 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Stets ◽  
J. B. Cotner
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Organic Carbon ◽  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Trophic Status ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Decay Curve ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Lake Trophic Status ◽  
Littoral Zones ◽  
Biodegradable Dissolved Organic Carbon

A survey of 12 lakes in Minnesota, USA, was conducted to examine the factors controlling variability in biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) concentration. The principal question addressed was whether BDOC concentration was more strongly related to lake trophic status or morphometric parameters. BDOC concentration was determined by incubating filtered lake water for a period of 15 months and fitting an exponential decay curve to measured DOC concentrations. BDOC concentrations varied from 73 to 427 µmol C·L–1 and composed 15%–63% of the total DOC pool. There were no significant correlations between BDOC and measures of lake trophic status. Instead, BDOC was most closely associated with the percentage of lake area covered by littoral zone, suggesting a significant source of BDOC from aquatic macrophytes and lake surface sediments.

scholarly journals ANALISIS TINGKAT KUALITAS PELAYANAN AIR BAKU PDAM KABUPATEN KOTABARU (Studi Kasus Instalasi Pengolahan Air Desa Gunung Relly)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwan Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Customer Service ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Matrix Analysis ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Customer Complaints ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Performance Matrix ◽  
Importance Analysis

Untuk meningkatkan kualitas layanan pada PDAM Kotabaru mengukur tingkat kepuasan masyarakat atau pelanggan khususnya terhadap kualitas pelayanan air baku Instalasi Pengolahan Air (IPA) Gunung Relly yang dianalisis berdasarkan tingkat kesesuaian hasil perbandingan skor kinerja dengan skor kepentingan (harapan). Apabila TKi­ < 100%, berarti pelayanan belum memuaskan, Apabila TKi­ = 100%, berarti pelayanan telah memuaskan, Apabila TKi­ > 100%, berarti pelayanan sangat memuaskan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dari 100 responden, diketahui tingkat kualitas pelayanan air baku PDAM Kotabaru dengan analisis importance dan performance matrix didapat tingkat kesesuaian rata-rata (TKi) 73% < 100% masuk dalam kategori belum memuaskan. Variabel yang menjukan untuk mendapat tindakan prioritas perbaikan menurut pelanggan, yakni variabel-variabel pada kuadran I, 1) kualitas air yang disalurkan kerumah pelanggan, 2) kontinuitas debit air yang disalurkan kerumah pelanggan, 3) keramahan dan kesabaran dalam pelayanan pelanggan serta menhadapi pengaduan pelanggan, 4) kelayakan tarif yang diberlakukan. Sehingga perlu evaluasi pada 1) kualitas air, perlu ada filtrasi atau penyaringan sebelum air didistribusikan ke rumah pelanggan sehingga air layak konsumsi 2) Kontinuitas debit air, Perlu pemeliharaan dan penambahan pompa air, deteksi tingkat kebocoran jaringan perpipaan dan penambahan sumber air alternative, 3) Keramahan pelayanan, perlu penyuluhan internal pimpinan terhadap petugas pelayanan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran sebagai perusahaan daerah yang melaksanakan pelayanan publik, 4) Kelayakan tarif, Perhitungan kembali tarif pelayanan disesuaikan dengan layanan yang diberikan. Kata Kunci : Air Baku, Analisis Importance, IPA Gunung Relly, Kualitas Pelayanan, PDAM Kotabaru. To improve the quality of service at PDAM Kotabaru, measure the level of satisfaction of the community or customers, especially the quality of raw water services in the Gunung Relly Water Treatment Plant (IPA) area, which is analyzed based on the level of comparison between performance scores and interest scores (expectations). If TKi <100%, means the service is not satisfactory, If TKi = 100%, means the service has been satisfactory, If TKi > 100%, means the service is very satisfying. Based on the analysis from 100 respondents, have the level of quality of raw water service in PDAM Kotabaru with importance and performance matrix analysis shows that the average level of suitability (TKi) is 73% <100% in the unsatisfactory category. Variables that indicate to get priority improvement actions according to customers, namely variables in quadrant I, 1) quality of water channeled to customers homes, 2) continuity of water flow distributed to customers' homes, 3) friendliness and patience in customer service and dealing with customer complaints, 4) feasibility of tariffs that apply. So it is necessary to evaluate 1) the quality of the water, there needs to be filtration or filtration before the water is distributed to the customer's house so that the water is suitable for consumption 3) Hospitality of services, need internal leadership counseling to service officers to increase awareness as regional companies that carry out public services, 4) Feasibility of tariffs, Re-calculation of service rates according to services provided. Keywords: Importance Analysis, IPA Gunung Relly, Raw Water, PDAM Kotabaru, Service Quality.

scholarly journals Natural organic matter removal by ion exchange at different positions in the drinking water treatment lane

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Grefte ◽  
M. Dignum ◽  
E. R. Cornelissen ◽  
L. C. Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Biological Stability ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Slow Sand Filtration

Abstract. To guarantee a good water quality at the customers tap, natural organic matter (NOM) should be (partly) removed during drinking water treatment. The objective of this research was to improve the biological stability of the produced water by incorporating anion exchange (IEX) for NOM removal. Different placement positions of IEX in the treatment lane (IEX positioned before coagulation, before ozonation or after slow sand filtration) and two IEX configurations (MIEX® and fluidized IEX (FIX)) were compared on water quality as well as costs. For this purpose the pre-treatment plant at Loenderveen and production plant Weesperkarspel of Waternet were used as a case study. Both, MIEX® and FIX were able to remove NOM (mainly the HS fraction) to a high extent. NOM removal can be done efficiently before ozonation and after slow sand filtration. The biological stability, in terms of assimilable organic carbon, biofilm formation rate and dissolved organic carbon, was improved by incorporating IEX for NOM removal. The operational costs were assumed to be directly dependent of the NOM removal rate and determined the difference between the IEX positions. The total costs for IEX for the three positions were approximately equal (0.0631 € m−3), however the savings on following treatment processes caused a cost reduction for the IEX positions before coagulation and before ozonation compared to IEX positioned after slow sand filtration. IEX positioned before ozonation was most cost effective and improved the biological stability of the treated water.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of caporite to reduce concentration of iron and mangan in Ciliwung river water as raw water PDAM

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Nadhila Aulia Dwiputri ◽  
Mia Azizah ◽  
Nurlela Nurlela
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Iron Manganese ◽  
Manganese Level ◽  
Iron And Manganese

The water of the Ciliwung river used as raw water for PDAM Depok contains iron and manganese, which levels were quite high and exceeded the quality standard. The purposes of the research are to determine the effectiveness of caporite to reduce levels of iron and manganese to reach levels that meet the standards of Government Regulation Number 82 of 2001. The sample used in this study was the water of the Ciliwung river used as a source of raw water for PDAM Depok with two different water treatment plant (WTP) locations, location 1 in Legong WTP and location 2 in Citayam WTP. Raw water was taken using a submersible water pump located at the bottom of the Ciliwung river. The analytical method used as a reference for determining iron levels was based on the FerroZine Rapid Liquid Method 1970, and for manganese levels was based on 1- (2-Pyridylazo) -2-Naphthol PAN Method 1977, both methods using the Spectrophotometric method. The results showed that iron and manganese levels were quite high, exceeding the standards of Government Regulation No.82 of 2001 with a maximum standard of iron content is 0.3 mg/L, and a maximum standard of manganese level is 0.1 mg/L. After adding a certain dose of chlorine to Ciliwung river water in the Legong and Citayam WTPs, it was found that chlorine effectively reduced Fe and Mn levels because it was able to reduce levels up to 80% and meet the quality standards.Keywords: Caporite, Iron, Manganese, Ciliwung River, RegulationABSTRAKEfektivitas kaporit untuk menurunkan kadar besi dan mangan dalam air sungai Ciliwung sebagai air baku PDAMAir sungai Ciliwung yang digunakan sebagai air baku PDAM Depok terdapat zat besi dan mangan dengan kadarnya cukup tinggi serta melebihi ambang baku mutu. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas kaporit dalam menurunkan kadar besi dan mangan sehingga memenuhi standar baku mutu Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 82 Tahun 2001 untuk kelas 1. Sampel air yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini diambil dari 2 titik lokasi Instalasi Pengolahan Air (IPA) yang berbeda, yaitu  dari IPA Legong dan  IPA Citayam. Sampel air baku diambil dengan menggunakan pompa air submersible (pompa celup) yang berada di dasar sungai Ciliwung. Penelitian dilakukan dengan eksperimen jar test di laboratorium. Metode analisis untuk menentukan kadar besi  mengacu pada FerroZine Rapid Liquid Method tahun 1970 dan mangan berdasarkan 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-Napthol PAN Method tahun 1977 dengan menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kadar besi dan mangan yang cukup tinggi hingga melebihi standar yang telah ditetapkan dalam PP No.82 Tahun 2001 dengan kadar Fe maksimal 0,3 mg/L dan kadar Mn maksimal 0,1 mg/L. Setelah dilakukan penambahan bahan kimia kaporit ke dalam sampel air sungai Ciliwung  dari  IPA Legong dan Citayam, dengan dosis 10 mg/L untuk penurunan Fe dan 30 mg/L untuk penurunan Mn dapat efektif menurunkan konsentrasi Fe dan Mn  hingga 80%, dan memenuhi  standar baku mutu yang digunakan.Kata Kunci: Kaporit, Besi, Mangan, Sungai Ciliwung, Baku Mutu

scholarly journals Optimization of ACH Coagulant, Settling Time and Powdered Activated Carbon as Coagulant Aid with Economic Analysis

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Settling Time ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Economic Study ◽  
Optimal Process ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Aluminum Sulphate ◽  
Actived Carbon

<p>Regular water treatment-plant (WTP) comprises of a number of units. Of course, problems exist throughout design and operation of the WTP units. Consequently, the current re-search aimed to minimize the shortcomings of the coagulation, sedimentation, and the adsorption methods through applying optimal process for these units. Additionally, eco-nomic analysis and the derivation mathematical models for the new coagulant (Aluminum Chlorohydrate (ACH)) and the traditional aluminum sulphate coagulant (Alum) were an-other objective of this work. Optimum coagulants for alum and ACH were obtained and presented for different raw water turbidities. The optimum settling time of 30 minutes and 40 minutes have been found for the settling of 1000 and 2000 NTU raw water sam-ples. Best dosages of 0.1 and 0.25 g/L of powdered actived carbon (PAC) were obtained for raw water turbidity of 419, and 1000 NTU which increased the removal efficiency of 28.95%, and 25.71%, respectively. Furthermore, the economic study for alum and ACH revealed that using ACH instead of alum led to reduction of cost by 32%. Commonly, it can be concluded that using ACH instead of alum is better because it is cheaper and more efficient. The predicted equations for the optimum dosages (Y) for alum (mg/L) and ACH (µl/L) dosages (X) were Y= 0.04 X + 14.42, and Y = 0.01 X + 0.72, respectively.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document