scholarly journals United Nations, Ocean Economics and Technology Branch, Seabed Minerals, volume 1 : Assessment of Manganese Nodule Resources. London, Graham & Trotman Ltd, Coll. « Seabed Mineral Series », 1982, 89 p. United Nations, Ocean Economics and Technology Branch, Seabed Minerals, volume 2 : Analysis of Exploration and Mining Technology for Manganese Nodules. London, Graham & Trotman Ltd, Coll. « Seabed Mineral Series », 1984, 152 p.

1987 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Louis Babineau
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Manganese Nodule ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Mining Technology

Conceptual Design of TMR-Less Manganese Nodule Mining System and the Economy Examination

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Yamazaki ◽  
Amon Yamada ◽  
Rei Arai ◽  
Naoki Nakatani
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Manganese Nodule ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Mining Method ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Mining System ◽  
Mining Site ◽  
Nodule Mining ◽  
The One ◽  
Very High

Manganese nodules on deep ocean floors have been interested in as future metal resources these forty years. The Total Materials Requirement (TMR) of the conventional proposed mining method, however, is very high because of the much lifted water with the nodules from the seafloor to the sea surface and the longer transportation from the mining site to the smelting plant. An innovative conceptual design of the TMR-less mining system is presented. The economy is examined and compared with the one of the conventional method.

scholarly journals “Zero-Waste”: A Sustainable Approach on Pyrometallurgical Processing of Manganese Nodule Slags

Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Sommerfeld ◽  
David Friedmann ◽  
Thomas Kuhn ◽  
Bernd Friedrich
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Nodule ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Metallic Phase ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Zero Waste ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
Pyrometallurgical Processing ◽  
Cobalt Copper

A continuously growing demand for valuable non-ferrous metals and therefore an increase in their prices at the metal exchanges makes it necessary and profitable to investigate alternative metal resources. Polymetallic deep-sea nodules contain cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum and nickel, and are highly abundant on the sea floor. Developing a metallurgical process to recover the metal content from manganese nodules can close the predicted supply gap of critical metals like cobalt. This paper investigated a potential extraction process for valuable metals from manganese nodules supplied by the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources. The samples originated from the German license area of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean. Due to a low concentration of valuable metals in nodules, a pyrometallurgical enrichment step was carried out to separate cobalt, copper, molybdenum and nickel in a metallic phase. The manganese was discarded in the slag and recovered in a second smelting step as ferromanganese. To aid the experiments, FactSageTM was used for thermodynamic modeling of the smelting steps. To increase metal yields and to alter the composition of the metal alloys, different fluxes were investigated. The final slag after two reduction steps were heavy-metal free and a utilization as a mineral product was desired to ensure a zero-waste process.

The Potential of Manganese Nodules as a Future Mineral Resource

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
David A. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Resource ◽  
Manganese Nodule ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Copper Nickel ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Manganese Copper

The manganese nodule is being given serious consideration as a mineral resource because of the increasing scarcity of manganese, copper, nickel, and cobalt in land resources. The feasibility of mining the manganese nodule has to take into account the technology, economics, and legal aspects of an operation of this magnitude. This paper is an overview of the considerations that must be made before the mining of manganese nodules becomes a reality. It deals with the reasons manganese nodules are important, what processes are proposed for the recovery and processing of the nodules, the economic considerations in an operation of this type, and the legal problems that will be encountered by this type of operation.

Hydraulic Lifting of Manganese Nodules Through a Riser

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. X. Xia ◽  
J. R. Ni ◽  
C. Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Manganese Nodule ◽  
Hydraulic Gradient ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Upward Flow ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Experimental Apparatus

The calculation of the hydraulic gradient due to the upward flow of a large size particles—water mixture in a vertical pipe is a central problem in the design of systems for deep-sea mining of manganese nodules. Here, the problem is investigated experimentally and with a new calculation method. An experimental apparatus that mimics the deep-sea mining system was built to measure the hydraulic gradient due to the mixture upward flow, the settling velocity of a single manganese nodule, and to explore the relationship between the concentration of fluidized manganese nodules and the solid slip velocity. Experimental relations are found. Also, a formula to compute the total hydraulic gradient of the mixture flow under different flow and solid-loading conditions is developed; the formula accounts for the hydraulic gradients produced by the liquid phase, the solid phase, and the inter-particle collisions. The predictions obtained with the derived equation are compared with experimental data readily available and with the newly acquired laboratory data; these predictions agree very well with the empirical data and demonstrate the value of the model as a design tool.

scholarly journals Petrochemical Features of Manganese Nodules in Madaka (Sheet 142) SE and Part of Kwana - Bala (Sheet 142) NE, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
Akintola Ojo Adeoye ◽  
Najime Tavershima ◽  
Danladi Bello Abubakar ◽  
Ogunleye Paul Olusegun ◽  
Abubakar Ismail Yusuf
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Manganese Nodule ◽  
Chemical Study ◽  
Electron Probe Micro Analysis ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Future Time ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Micro Analysis

Manganese nodule occurs in Madaka (Sheet 142) SE and part of Kwana - Bala (Sheet 142) NE, Nigeria. Four (4) samples of manganese nodules were analyzed petrochemical using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), reflected light microscopy, Electron probe micro analysis (EPMA), Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). XRD reveals sphalerite, manganates and ilmenite as major minerals in the nodules. Accessory minerals are siderite and rutile. Chemical study of the manganese nodules from Madaka and Kwana - Bala reveals that Mn-, Fe-, Co-, Ni-, and Cu-, minerals (including native elements and sulfides) commonly occur in the samples. Also, the results indicate that increased in Mn relative to the manganite content (10AO- plus 7AO), led to increase in Ni and Cu recovery. However, slightly greater amounts by weight of Ni and Cu were dissolved from the manganites than from Mn. This followed from the much higher Ni and Cu contents of manganites relative to Mn. The exploration for Ni and Cu from nodules on assay criterion was inadequate; the sphalerite Mn02 phase structure would also be a necessary criterion. It was suggested that nodules could be processed upon beneficiation for Ni and Cu contents for a future time relative to the original processing. It was thus proposed that Ni and Cu could be produced from manganese nodules in the study area.

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