Geochemistry and Origin of Layers in Single Manganese Nodule from the Philippine Sea and Manganese Nodules from Offshore Minami-Torishima, Western Pacific

2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 1835-1845
Author(s):  
Yungchang YAO ◽  
Juchin CHEN ◽  
Chihan HUH ◽  
Yungtan LEE
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Nodule ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Philippine Sea

Conceptual Design of TMR-Less Manganese Nodule Mining System and the Economy Examination

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Yamazaki ◽  
Amon Yamada ◽  
Rei Arai ◽  
Naoki Nakatani
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Manganese Nodule ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Mining Method ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Mining System ◽  
Mining Site ◽  
Nodule Mining ◽  
The One ◽  
Very High

Manganese nodules on deep ocean floors have been interested in as future metal resources these forty years. The Total Materials Requirement (TMR) of the conventional proposed mining method, however, is very high because of the much lifted water with the nodules from the seafloor to the sea surface and the longer transportation from the mining site to the smelting plant. An innovative conceptual design of the TMR-less mining system is presented. The economy is examined and compared with the one of the conventional method.

scholarly journals Interdecadal Change of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 3207-3218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiyuki Kajikawa ◽  
Bin Wang
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
South China ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
Interdecadal Change ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Philippine Sea

A significant advance in the onset dates of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) is detected around 1993/94: the epochal mean onset date is 30 May for 1979–93 and 14 May for 1994–2008. The relatively late onset during the first epoch is primarily determined by the northward seasonal march of the intertropical convergence zone, whereas the advanced onset during the second epoch is affected by the enhanced activity of northwestward-moving tropical disturbances from the equatorial western Pacific. During 1994–2008, the intraseasonal variability (ISV) over the western Pacific was enhanced during the period from mid-April to mid-May; further, the number of tropical cyclones (TCs), which passed through the South China Sea (SCS) and Philippine Sea during the same period, is about doubled compared with those occurring during 1979–93. This enhanced ISV and TC activity over the SCS and Philippine Sea are attributed to a significant increase in SST over the equatorial western Pacific from the 1980s to 2000s. Therefore, the advanced SCSSM onset is rooted in the decadal change of the SST over the equatorial western Pacific.

scholarly journals “Zero-Waste”: A Sustainable Approach on Pyrometallurgical Processing of Manganese Nodule Slags

Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Sommerfeld ◽  
David Friedmann ◽  
Thomas Kuhn ◽  
Bernd Friedrich
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Nodule ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Metallic Phase ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Zero Waste ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
Pyrometallurgical Processing ◽  
Cobalt Copper

A continuously growing demand for valuable non-ferrous metals and therefore an increase in their prices at the metal exchanges makes it necessary and profitable to investigate alternative metal resources. Polymetallic deep-sea nodules contain cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum and nickel, and are highly abundant on the sea floor. Developing a metallurgical process to recover the metal content from manganese nodules can close the predicted supply gap of critical metals like cobalt. This paper investigated a potential extraction process for valuable metals from manganese nodules supplied by the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources. The samples originated from the German license area of the Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean. Due to a low concentration of valuable metals in nodules, a pyrometallurgical enrichment step was carried out to separate cobalt, copper, molybdenum and nickel in a metallic phase. The manganese was discarded in the slag and recovered in a second smelting step as ferromanganese. To aid the experiments, FactSageTM was used for thermodynamic modeling of the smelting steps. To increase metal yields and to alter the composition of the metal alloys, different fluxes were investigated. The final slag after two reduction steps were heavy-metal free and a utilization as a mineral product was desired to ensure a zero-waste process.

The Potential of Manganese Nodules as a Future Mineral Resource

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
David A. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Resource ◽  
Manganese Nodule ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Manganese Nodules ◽  
Copper Nickel ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Manganese Copper

The manganese nodule is being given serious consideration as a mineral resource because of the increasing scarcity of manganese, copper, nickel, and cobalt in land resources. The feasibility of mining the manganese nodule has to take into account the technology, economics, and legal aspects of an operation of this magnitude. This paper is an overview of the considerations that must be made before the mining of manganese nodules becomes a reality. It deals with the reasons manganese nodules are important, what processes are proposed for the recovery and processing of the nodules, the economic considerations in an operation of this type, and the legal problems that will be encountered by this type of operation.

Chemical Geodynamics of Asthenospheric Outflow in the western Pacific: Philippine Sea Back-arc Basin Mantle Source of the Yap Trench Forearc Lavas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Limei Tang ◽  
Ling Chen
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Philippine Sea Plate ◽  
Philippine Sea ◽  
Trace Element Chemistry ◽  
Lithospheric Extension ◽  
Mid Ocean Ridge ◽  
Back Arc ◽  
Ocean Ridge ◽  
The Western Pacific

<p>We present new major and trace element chemistry and Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope data from basalts, recovered from the forearc setting of the Yap Trench in the western Pacific, and discuss their melt evolution and petrogenesis within the framework of the geodynamic interactions among the Caroline Plate, the Caroline ridge, and the Philippine Sea plate. These rocks have mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-like geochemical features, including medium Fe contents, tholeiitic affinity, high TiO<sub>2</sub> values at a given Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/MgO ratio, Ti/V, Nb/Y, Ba/Yb, and Ba/Th ratios similar to those of back-arc basin basalts (BABB), and trace element patterns commonly displayed by MORB and BABB lavas. However, these basalts are characterized by highly radiogenic Sr and Pb contents, reminiscent of western Pacific sediments. We suggest that forearc magmatism was responsible for the origin and petrogenesis of these rocks. Forearc magmatism was induced by the shrinking of the Philippine Sea plate, which squeezed out the underlying back-arc basin asthenosphere with Indian–type ambient mantle characteristics to invade the forearc mantle of the Yap Trench and causes lithospheric extension. Upwelling and decompression melting of this mantle produced MORB-like lavas in the narrow forearc setting. An apparent slab tear or gap in the subducting plate facilitate the penetration of the mantle outflow. The collision of the Caroline Ridge subducted more sediments into the mantle wedge. Melting of the subducted sediments and the invasion of the Indian-type asthenosphere into the forearc account for the highly radioactive Sr and Pb isotopes of the MORB-like lavas.</p>

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