scholarly journals Earliest documented report of Scleroderris canker in North America: damage believed until now to be caused by summer frost

2011 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Gaston Laflamme
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Topographic Depressions

In 1934, over 200,000 red pine (Pinus resinosa) seedlings were planted at Valcartier, near Quebec City. By 1939, more than 28% of these pines were dead. Fifteen years after plantation, red pine mortality reached 93% and the plantation was considered a total loss. Summer frost was thought to be the cause of red pine mortality, while white pine (Pinus strobus) trees planted at the same time were killed by white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), without any trace of frost damage. However, while summer frost was not listed in insect and disease survey reports published from 1953 to 1993, it was reported in the Valcartier area. Analysis of archival documents and publications shows that Scleroderris canker caused by Gremmeniella abietina was responsible for this mortality. This disease was not known in Canada before 1960. Our diagnosis is based on the description of signs and symptoms, on photographs of damage and on samples collected on site. Gremmeniella abietina, North American race, was isolated and identified. The age of the trees confirms the identity of the plantation; the age of the cankers on residual pines shows that the disease reached the trunks around 1945. High snow depth - not frost - in topographic depressions created conditions conducive to the development of the disease at the epidemic level. This is the earliest documented report of Scleroderris canker in North America.

USE OF THE RELATIVE TURGIDITY TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF WATER STRESSES IN GYMNOSPERM LEAVES

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Clausen ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Sampling Variation

Adaptations of Weatherley's relative turgidity technique (Weatherley 1950), fitting it for use with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), white pine (P. strobus L.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) are described. Results of preliminary investigations of sampling variation between trees, whorls, and needle ages in red pine are presented.

scholarly journals Genetic Specificity in the White Pine-Blister Rust Pathosystem

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch ◽  
Gayle E. Dupper
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Mendelian Segregation ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Bristlecone Pine

Four of eight white pine species native to western North America surveyed for resistance to white pine blister rust by artificial inoculation showed classical hypersensitive reactions (HR) at frequencies ranging from very low to moderate. Mendelian segregation, indicating a single dominant allele for resistance (Cr3), was observed in southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis), as it was previously in sugar pine (P. lambertiana, Cr1) and western white pine (P. monticola, Cr2). HR was present at a relatively high frequency (19%) in one of five bulk seed lot sources of limber pine (P. flexilis), and was also presumed to be conditioned by a single gene locus, by analogy with the other three species. HR was not found in whitebark pine (P. albcaulis), Mexican white pine (P. ayacahuite), foxtail pine (P. balfouriana), or Great Basin bristlecone pine (P. longaeva), but population and sample sizes in these species may have been below the level of detection of alleles in low frequency. When challenged by (haploid) inocula from specific locations known to harbor virulence to Cr1 or Cr2, genotypes carrying these alleles and Cr3 reacted differentially, such that inoculum virulent to Cr1 was avirulent to Cr2, and inoculum virulent to Cr2 was avirulent to Cr1. Neither of these two inocula was capable of neutralizing Cr3. Although blister rust traditionally is considered an exotic disease in North America, these results, typical of classic gene-for-gene interactions, suggest that genetic memory of similar encounters in past epochs has been retained in this pathosystem.

Surface burning in a mature stand of Pinus resinosa and Pinus strobus in Michigan: effects on understory vegetation

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Neumann ◽  
Donald I. Dickmann
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Phytolacca Americana ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Periodic Surface ◽  
Surface Fires ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Surface Burning

Beginning in 1991, periodic surface fires (frontal fire intensities <200 kW m–1) were introduced into a mixed red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and white pine (P. strobus L.) plantation (dbh 16–60 cm). Replicated plots of 0.4–0.5 ha were either burned three times at biennial intervals (early May of 1991, 1993, and 1995), burned once (early May 1991), or not burned. Measurements were conducted during the 1994 and 1995 growing seasons. The pine overstory was largely unaffected by the fires. The understory on unburned plots contained 16 111 large seedlings (>1 m, ≤ 1.9 cm dbh) and 3944 saplings (2.0–5.9 cm dbh) per ha, consisting of 23 woody angiosperm taxa. Plots burned once contained 60% of the large seedlings, 7% of the saplings, and 6 fewer taxa than unburned plots. No large seedlings and few saplings were found in plots burned biennially. Cover of low (<1 m) woody and herbaceous vegetation in plots burned once or three times was twice that of unburned plots, even in the growing season immediately following the May 1995 re-burn. Recovery of low vegetative cover in the re-burned plots was rapid, exceeding that in once-burned or unburned plots by late summer following the burn. Species richness of low vegetation was 20–25% higher in burned than unburned plots, except in the year immediately following reburning. Taxa dominating this site following burning were Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees, Rubus spp., Phytolacca americana L., and Dryopteris spinulosa (O.F. MÜll.) Watt. Restoration of low-intensity surface fires to ecosystems dominated by mature red pine or white pine is feasible, but major changes in understory structure and composition will occur.

White Pine Blister Rust

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otis C. Maloy
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Alternate Host ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Disease Cycle ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Pine Stands

White pine blister rust is probably the most destructive disease of five-needle (white) pines in North America. The rust fungus cannot spread from pine to pine but requires an alternate host, Ribes species, to complete the disease cycle. Several management tools might enable the reestablishment of western white pine stands. Accepted for publication 20 September 2001. Published 24 September 2001.

Effets du brûlage dirigé et du scarifiage sur l'établissement des semis et sur leur interaction avec la végétation concurrente

1995 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renée Tellier ◽  
Luc C. Duchesne ◽  
Robert S. McAlpine ◽  
Jean-Claude Ruel
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Competition Index ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Clear Cut

In 1990, a jack pine forest was clear-cut on an 15 ha area and divided into 40 plots. In 1991, ten plots were burned-over under varying conditions to obtain different fire intensities and ten plots were scarified. Each plot was planted in 1992 with red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and white pine (P. strobus L.) seedlings. Survival rate and health of the seedlings was evaluated for the first two years after planting and the non-crop vegetation was assessed using a competition index developed for conifer management in Ontario. Our results show seedling survival rate, health, biomass and height to be improved when planted on burned-over or scarified sites and that fire intensity influences certain of those characteristics. Key words: scarification, fire, Pinus resinosa, Pinus strobus, competition

Assessing host specialization among aecial and telial hosts of the white pine blister rust fungus, Cronartium ribicola

2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryce A. Richardson ◽  
Paul J. Zambino ◽  
Ned B. Klopfenstein ◽  
Geral I. McDonald ◽  
Lori M. Carris
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Rust Fungus ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Cronartium Ribicola ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Host Association ◽  
Geographic Population ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity

The white-pine blister rust fungus, Cronartium ribicola Fisch. in Rabenh., continues to spread in North America, utilizing various aecial (primary) and telial (alternate) hosts, some of which have only recently been discovered. This introduced pathogen has been characterized as having low genetic diversity in North America, yet it has demonstrated a capacity to invade diverse environments. The recent discovery of this rust fungus on the telial host Pedicularis racemosa Dougl. ex Benth., raises questions of whether this host association represents a recent acquisition by C. ribicola or a long-standing host association that was overlooked. Here we explore two questions: (i) is host specialization detectable at a local scale and (ii) is the capacity to infect Pedicularis racemosa local or widespread? Genetic analysis of C. ribicola isolates from different aecial and telial hosts provided no evidence for genetic differentiation and showed similar levels of expected heterozygosity within a geographic population. An inoculation test showed that diverse C. ribicola sources from across North America had the capacity to infect Pedicularis racemosa. These results support a hypothesis that ability to infect Pedicularis racemosa is common in C. ribicola from North America. Utilization of Pedicularis racemosa by C. ribicola may be dependent on the co-occurrence of this host, inoculum, and favorable environments.

The Biology and Behaviour of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), in Southern Ontario I. Adult

1961 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 1098-1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Pointing
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Accidental Introduction ◽  
Pine Species

The European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), has been recognized as a pest of pine plantations since it was described in 1776. Neugebauer (1952) stated that 32 susceptible pine species were known and that scarcely any species were rejected by the insect. Following its accidental introduction into North America about 50 years ago (Busck, 1914) the shoot moth became a serious pest of red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait., which appears to be the most susceptible species (Heikkenen and Miller, 1959). Watson (1947) described the shoot moth as “the most destructive insect affecting hard pines in southern Ontario, and the most difficult to control”. Plantations have been damaged so severely that the planting of red pine has been virtually discontinued within the pest's range.

White pine blister rust in Korea, Japan and other Asian regions: comparisons and implications for North America

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 382-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-S. Kim ◽  
N. B. Klopfenstein ◽  
Y. Ota ◽  
S. K. Lee ◽  
K.-S. Woo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust

scholarly journals White Pine Blister Rust in the Greater Yellowstone Area

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 144-148
Author(s):  
Maria Newcomb ◽  
Diana Six
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Greater Yellowstone Area ◽  
Greater Yellowstone

White pine blister rust is a disease caused by an introduced fungal pathogen (Cronartium ribicola). The disease system is a complex cross-Kingdom interaction between three groups of organisms (white pines, Ribes, and a fungal pathogen). The pathogen alternates between white pine hosts (subgenus Strobus) where it persists as a perennial and often lethal infection, and currant and goosebeny hosts (members of the genus Ribes) where it infects the deciduous leaves and results in relatively minor impacts. In many areas of North America white pines are severely threatened by the disease, which is often recognized as the most devastating disease of conifers (Klinkowski 1970). Since the early 1900s when the pathogen first arrived in North America, forest managers have been challenged by the difficulties of blister rust control and predictions of damage and spread. Recent control efforts have focused on developing rust-resistant white pines (Maloy 1997). Advances in molecular techniques have led to a rapid increase in our understanding of pathogen virulence and plant disease resistance. Thus thorough research on white pine blister rust will encompass a combination of investigations of small parts of the system, including molecular descriptions of individual members and controlled-environment studies of simplified interactions, and ecological investigations of infection patterns in real-world forest conditions (where all the parts are interacting simultaneously). This study is a field investigation of white pine blister rust in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA).

scholarly journals History of the Origin and Dispersal of White Pine Blister Rust

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim E. Hummer
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
North American ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Ural Mountains ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
The North ◽  
Canadian Provinces

The center of diversity for white pine blister rust (WPBR) (Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fischer) most likely stretches from central Siberia east of the Ural Mountains to Asia, possibly bounded by the Himalayas to the south. The alternate hosts for WPBR, Asian five-needled pines (Pinus L.) and Ribes L. native to that region have developed WPBR resistance. Because the dispersal of C. ribicola to Europe and North America occurred within the last several hundred years, the North American five-needled white pines, Pinus subsections, Strobus and Parya, had no previous selection pressure to develop resistance. Establishment of WPBR in North American resulted when plants were transported both ways across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1705, Lord Weymouth had white pine (P. strobis L.), also called weymouth pine in Europe, seed and seedlings brought to England. These trees were planted throughout eastern Europe. In the mid-1800s, WPBR outbreaks were reported in Ribes and then in white pines in eastern Europe. The pathogen may have been brought to Europe on an infected pine from Russia. In the late 1800s American nurserymen, unaware of the European rust incidence, imported many infected white pine seedlings from France and Germany for reforestation efforts. By 1914, rust-infected white pine nursery stock was imported into Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Wisconsin, and in the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. The range of WPBR is established in eastern North America and the Pacific Northwest. New infection sites in Nevada, South Dakota, New Mexico and Colorado have been observed during the 1990s.

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