Ethical Obligations and Counseling Challenges in Cancer Genetics

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wylie Burke ◽  
Nancy Press
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Cancer Genetics ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Family Risk ◽  
Delivery Of Care ◽  
Duty To Warn ◽  
The Face ◽  
Practice Opportunities ◽  
Risk Reduction Measures ◽  
Ethical Obligations

Cancer genetics is creating new practice opportunities in medical genetics, oncology, and primary care. The ethical and counseling challenges of this new area of practice are not unique but sometimes take new form in the context of genetic risk. This article uses cases to explore the issues associated with shared family risk, including competing concerns of family members, duty to warn relatives of genetic risk, and testing of children and other relatives. The ethical obligations of clinicians start with the need to maintain competence in the face of rapidly evolving science. Clinicians should be able to identify patients within their practice who are candidates for genetic testing. When genetic susceptibility to cancer is identified, patients should be offered counseling and follow-up, with referral as appropriate, to ensure delivery of care consistent with current standards. When patients experience barriers to needed health care, clinicians should advocate for their needs. Clinicians must ensure the autonomy and informed decision-making of all members of cancer-prone families. Clinicians must also provide emotional support and accurate information about cancer risks and cancer risk reduction measures, including uncertainties. Teamwork among different specialties is important in addressing these challenges.

scholarly journals SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS PEMETAAN LOKASI BENCANA ALAM DI SUMATERA UTARA BERBASIS WEB

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Yustria Handika Siregar ◽  
Mardiana Nainggolan
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Face ◽  
Systems Mapping ◽  
The Impact ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
The Web

Abstract - Developments in information technology, especially information systems have brought convenience that promises a work efficiency. For example geographic information system is a tool with a computer system that is used to map conditions and events that occur on the face of the earth is a system that is helpful in providing and presenting information needed by users. The development especially in the aspect of environmental needs in order to overcome or reduce the impact of disasters in the Sumatran region, and by improving the performance of the BPBD, it is necessary to have a GIS-based information system that can show BPBD disaster points that already exist in North Sumatra. With the existence of map information, especially in the web system, it is expected to provide fast and accurate information, especially knowing the exact location of the disaster. thus facilitating the work of officers in providing disaster information at the head office. Keywords - Geographic Information Systems, Mapping, Web. 

scholarly journals Evaluation of Distress and Risk Perception Associated with COVID-19 in Vulnerable Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9207
Author(s):  
Carmen Orte ◽  
Lidia Sánchez-Prieto ◽  
David Caldevilla Domínguez ◽  
Almudena Barrientos-Báez
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Brief Symptom Inventory ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Preventive Behavior ◽  
The Face ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Preventive behavior developed by the population is essential in the face of the risk of coronavirus infection (COVID-19). However, preventive measures will depend on the risk perception acquired. In addition, lockdown can directly affect mental health, provoking distress. Distress could affect risk perception. This study’s objective was to analyze whether experiencing distress had an influence on risk perception with respect to vulnerable groups. The sample consisted of 806 participants. The study was conducted during the first week of lockdown declared by the Spanish Government. The Brief Symptom Inventory BSI-18 and a risk perception questionnaire about vulnerable groups was administered. The study revealed the appearance of distress in 9.6% of the sample (85.7% women). Experiencing distress influenced risk perception. This study’s main contribution is the link between experiencing distress and the risk perception with respect to vulnerable groups. Risk perception is relevant since it can influence how the population faces the pandemic. Transmission of accurate information could help to minimize the effect of certain cognitive biases that affect risk perception and foster preventive behavior.

OBJECT DETECTION USING VIOLA-JONES ALGORITHM

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1349-1354
Author(s):  
Dušan Stevanović
Keyword(s):  
Face Detection ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
The Face ◽  
Face Detection And Recognition ◽  
False Recognitions ◽  
Detection And Recognition

In this paper it has been described and applied method for detecting face and face parts in images using the Viola-Jones algorithm. The work is based on Computer Vision Systems, artificial intelligence that deals with the recognition of two-dimensional or three-dimensional objects. When Cascade Object Detector script is trained, multimedia content is assigned for recognition. In this work the content will be in the form of an image, where the program will have the task of recognizing the objects in the images, separating the parts of the images in the head area, and on each discovered face, separately mark the area around the eyes, nose and mouth.Algorithm for detection and recognition is based on scanning and analyzing front part of human head. Common usage of face detection and recognition can be find in biometry, photography, on autofocus option which is implemented in professional photo cameras or on smiling detectors (Keller, 2007). Marketing is also popular field where face detection and recognition can be used. For example, web cameras that are implemented in TVs, can detect every face in near area. Calculating different type of algorithms and parameters, based on sex, age, ethnicity, system can play precisely segmented television commercials and campaigns. Example of that kind of systems is OptimEyes. (Strasburger, 2013)In other words, every algorithm that has as its main goal to detect and recognize face from image, should give as a feedback information, is there any face and if answer is positive, where is its location on image. In order to achieve acceptable performances, algorithm should minimize false recognitions. These are the cases when the algorithm ignores and does not recognize the real object from the image, and vice versa, when the wrong object is recognized as real. One of the algorithms that is frequently applied in this area of research is the Viola-Jones algorithm. This algorithm is functional in real time, meaning that besides detection, it is also possible to adjust the ability to monitor faces from video material.In this paper, the problem that will be analyzed is facial image detection. Man can do this task in a very simple way, but to do the same with a computer, it is necessary to have a range of precise and accurate information, formulas, methods and techniques. In order to maximize the precision of recognizing the face of the image using the Viola-Jones algorithm, it is desirable that the objects in the images are completely face-to-face with the image-taking device, which will be shown through experiments.

Advances in Understanding the Detectability of Trustworthiness From the Face: Toward a Taxonomy of a Multifaceted Construct

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Paul Wilson ◽  
Nicholas O. Rule
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Information ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
The Face

Researchers have recently shown increasing interest in assessments of trustworthiness, devoting much attention to whether trustworthiness can be detected from a person’s facial appearance. This question has been investigated along diverse behavioral dimensions, using a wide variety of targets, and with great inconsistency in results. Here, we call for greater precision in defining trustworthiness. We review various subdomains of trustworthiness perception and argue that developing a more highly specified taxonomy of trustworthiness will allow for better predictions about when trustworthiness can be judged on the basis of appearance, for more precision in estimating how accurate people are in making such judgments, and for more accurate information regarding the specific cues relevant to inferring trustworthiness in each domain.

A Critique of Priorities for Health and Personal Social Services in England

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Primary Care System ◽  
Delivery Of Care ◽  
Disease Patterns ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Area Health

Priorities for Health and Personal Social Services in England was prepared by the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) as a basis for consultation about its intended policies during the period 1975–1976 to 1979–1980. The decision of the DHSS to engage in consultation with interested parties is, of course, to be welcomed. However, the Priorities document leaves much to be desired both in terms of the quality and quantity of information provided and in its treatment of the pressing issues affecting the health and personal social services. Many of the areas labeled as priorities show no increase in the proportion of the budget devoted to them; some, in fact, show a definite reduction. Other so-called “growth areas” show such low rates of expansion that they will barely keep pace with the needs of the increasing number of elderly in the population. Many Area Health Authorities are reducing services in acute specialties, despite long waiting lists and the fact that over 80 percent of admissions of elderly patients are to acute wards. Thus, such cuts are likely to increase even further the demand for geriatric facilities. Many of the areas designated for expansion by the DHSS are largely under the financial control of local government, which is in many cases reducing these services. The most rapid rise in expenditure will be on pharmaceuticals. This will account for the largest increase within the primary care system, leaving little room for any improvements in the service. In an associated document, Prevention and Health: Everybody's Business, the DHSS attempts to demonstrate that specific preventive measures have been the most important factors in major changes of disease patterns and ignores the importance of secular changes. There is no discussion of the relationship between social structure and both disease and delivery of care; instead, the focus is on individuals changing their life-style as a result of being provided with the appropriate information. There is already evidence that this approach yields poor results and that alternative strategies are needed. Unfortunately, the DHSS seems unable to provide leadership for their development. These two documents give little hope that genuinely new initiatives will come from the DHSS. Whatever the initial intentions behind their publication, it now seems unlikely that “consultation” will prove to be anything more than a smokescreen behind which cutbacks in services can occur. True consultation implies availability of accurate information about the health and personal social services, together with a program of public education far more comprehensive than that which is currently envisaged.

Content and method of parental disclosure of genetic risk to young adult and minor children in BRCA families

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1536-1536
Author(s):  
K. Pawlowski ◽  
L. Patrick-Miller ◽  
C. K. Daugherty ◽  
O. I. Olopade ◽  
J. J. Dignam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Brca Mutation ◽  
Genetic Mutation ◽  
Parental Communication ◽  
Genetic Test Results ◽  
Brca Mutation Carriers ◽  
Minor Children ◽  
Risk Reduction Measures ◽  
Written Materials

1536 Background: Prior research has found that many BRCA mutation carriers report discussing their genetic test results with their minor children. The content, method and process of this communication have not been previously described. Methods: 20 parents (yielding 42 parent-offspring pairs, POP) have completed a 62-item questionnaire regarding the content and methods of communication of genetic risk to offspring. Results: Of 19 (45%) POP where parents reported disclosure of their BRCA mutation to offspring in response to a binary (yes/no) question, all reported telling their children about the genetic mutation itself, as well as the parents’ risk for cancer. In 74% of POP the offspring’s chance of inheriting the mutation or risk for cancer were said to have been communicated. In 53% of POP parents reported discussion of parental risk reduction measures, and in only 37% of POP parents reported communication of offspring risk reduction measures. Of the POP where parents reported some communication of cancer risk, 22% described incorporating written materials. In 75% of POP parents reported communication through multiple conversations over time (1 -20 conversations, up to 4 years). Conclusions: Although many BRCA carriers report discussing their genetic mutation with offspring, the content and extent of parental communication is variable, often including information regarding the genetic mutation, but less frequently the offspring’s risk of inheriting the gene and infrequently communication regarding risk reduction measures. Further research on this expanding cohort will allow for analyses of parent and child factors associated with disclosure content in order to guide the development of interventions to facilitate age and content-appropriate communication of genetic risk to at-risk offspring. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals USING TECHNOLOGY TO FACILITATE SUPPORTIVE SERVICES FOR HOSPICE FAMILY CAREGIVERS: FINDINGS FROM THE PISCES TRIAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S199-S199
Author(s):  
George Demiris
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Supportive Services ◽  
Problem Solving Therapy ◽  
Delivery Of Care ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
The Face

Abstract Family caregivers of hospice patients play an essential role in the delivery of care but have multiple needs during this often stressful time. Cost-effective interventions supporting caregivers are greatly needed. We conducted a four-year randomized clinical trial of a problem solving therapy intervention called PISCES to support hospice caregivers. We recruited 514 caregivers (75% female, mean age 60.3 years) who were randomly assigned to either a control group (usual care) or a face to face group (where the intervention was delivered in three in-person sessions) or a telehealth group (where the intervention was delivered using technology). While the intervention was effective in reducing caregiver anxiety and improving overall quality of life, the intervention was found more effective in the face-to-face group than the telehealth group. We discuss challenges with the technology use and recommendations for the design of future telehealth systems targeting older adults in the hospice setting.

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