Water Soluble, Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants in Stern Tube Applications

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
John V. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Tube System ◽  
Environmental Properties ◽  
Polyalkylene Glycol ◽  
Tube Application ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Specific Amount

Stern tube lubricants; used to lubricate the bearings that support the vessel propeller shaft in the stern tube, are continuously lost to the marine environment while the ship is moving under power. Although the specific amount of lubricant lost in a stern tube application is dependent on the particular stern tube system and vessel type, many reports support the fact that lubricant loss through vessel stern tubes is by far the greatest source of lubricant ingression into the environment of all vessel lubricant applications incidental to their operation. Historically, stern tube lubricants have been based on mineral oil but recently synthetic, environmentally acceptable stern tube lubricants have been made available. The U.S. EPA Vessel General Permit for Discharges Incidental to the Normal Operation of Vessels (VGP) revised in 2013, mandated the use of environmentally acceptable lubricants (EALs) for all oil-to-sea interface applications in vessels constructed on or after December 19, 2013 and all vessels built before December 19, 2013 unless technically infeasible. The VGP specifically defines stern tube lubrication as an oil-to-sea interface application. One type of EAL recommended by the U.S. EPA to replace mineral oil in all oil-to-sea interface applications is based on polyalkylene glycol (PAG) base stocks. PAG based lubricants offer a unique combination of performance and environmental properties.

scholarly journals How Effective Are Existing Phosphorus Management Strategies in Mitigating Surface Water Quality Problems in the U.S.?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6565
Author(s):  
Shama E. Haque
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
The Past ◽  
The U.S

Phosphorus is an essential component of modern agriculture. Long-term land application of phosphorous-enriched fertilizers and animal manure leads to phosphorus accumulation in soil that may become susceptible to mobilization via erosion, surface runoff and subsurface leaching. Globally, highly water-soluble phosphorus fertilizers used in agriculture have contributed to eutrophication and hypoxia in surface waters. This paper provides an overview of the literature relevant to the advances in phosphorous management strategies and surface water quality problems in the U.S. Over the past several decades, significant advances have been made to control phosphorus discharge into surface water bodies of the U.S. However, the current use of phosphorus remains inefficient at various stages of its life cycle, and phosphorus continues to remain a widespread problem in many water bodies, including the Gulf of Mexico and Lake Erie. In particular, the Midwestern Corn Belt region of the U.S. is a hotspot of phosphorous fertilization that has resulted in a net positive soil phosphorous balance. The runoff of phosphorous has resulted in dense blooms of toxic, odor-causing phytoplankton that deteriorate water quality. In the past, considerable attention was focused on improving the water quality of freshwater bodies and estuaries by reducing inputs of phosphorus alone. However, new research suggests that strategies controlling the two main nutrients, phosphorus and nitrogen, are more effective in the management of eutrophication. There is no specific solution to solving phosphorus pollution of water resources; however, sustainable management of phosphorus requires an integrated approach combining at least a reduction in consumption levels, source management, more specific regime-based nutrient criteria, routine soil fertility evaluation and recommendations, transport management, as well as the development of extensive phosphorus recovery and recycling programs.

scholarly journals The Effect of a Gear Oil on Abrasion, Scuffing, and Pitting of the DLC-Coated 18CrNiMo7-6 Steel

Coatings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remigiusz Michalczewski ◽  
Marek Kalbarczyk ◽  
Anita Mańkowska-Snopczyńska ◽  
Edyta Osuch-Słomka ◽  
Witold Piekoszewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Hardened Steel ◽  
Crn Coating ◽  
Gear Teeth ◽  
Hard Particles ◽  
Polyalkylene Glycol ◽  
Gear Oil ◽  
Gear Oils ◽  
Harsh Conditions

The transmissions of mining conveyors are exposed to very harsh conditions. These are primarily related to the contamination of the gear oil with hard particles coming from coal and lignite, which can cause intensive abrasive wear, scuffing, and even pitting, limiting the life of gears. One of the ways to prevent this problem is the deposition of a wear-resistant coating onto gear teeth. However, a proper choice of gear oil is an important issue. The abrasion, scuffing, and pitting tests were performed using simple, model specimens. A pin and vee block tester was employed for research on abrasion and scuffing. To test pitting, a modified four-ball pitting tester was used, where the top ball was replaced with a cone. The test pins, vee blocks, and cones were made of 18CrNiMo7-6 case-hardened steel. A new W-DLC/CrN coating was tested. It was deposited on the vee blocks and cones. For lubrication, three commercial industrial gear oils were used: A mineral oil, and two synthetic ones with polyalphaolefin (PAO) or polyalkylene glycol (PAG) bases. The results show that, to minimize the tendency forabrasion, scuffing, and pitting, the (W-DLC/CrN)-8CrNiMo7-6 tribosystems should be lubricated by the PAO gear oil.

Novel Enzymatically Synthesized Substituted Polyaniline with High Conjugation and Conductivity

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (27) ◽  
pp. 1519-1524
Author(s):  
Ferdinando F. Bruno ◽  
Ramaswamy Nagarajan ◽  
Weeradech Kiratitanavit ◽  
Nicole Favreau-Farhadi ◽  
Bora Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Enzymatic Polymerization ◽  
Polymer Complex ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Modeling Studies ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Enzymatic Route ◽  
Film Conductivity

ABSTRACTAn efficient enzymatic route for the synthesis of conducting oligomer of substituted aniline complexed with poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) is presented. This polyelectrolyte assisted horseradish peroxidase catalyzed oligomerization of ortho-toluidine provides a route to synthesize water-soluble, highly conductive oligomers under acidic conditions. The UV-Vis, FTIR, thin film conductivity, molecular weight assessment and modeling studies of the oligomer/polymer complex indicate the presence of a thermally stable and electroactive oligomer with extended conjugation that was not present in similar conductive polymers (e.g. PANI). Moreover, the use of water-soluble templates provide a unique combination of properties such as high conductivity and processability. The same procedure was also implemented for the polymerization of 2,6-xylidine: however, the reaction did not occur suggesting a much more complex stereo-specificity of the enzymatic polymerization. Modeling studies were used to explain this behavior. The conductive poly(ortho-toluidine) can be used in chemiresistive sensors for the detection of humidity.

Phase Behavior of Polyglycerol Ester-Based Nanoemulsions

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 6188-6195
Author(s):  
Liang Gan ◽  
Dingyuan Cui ◽  
Nawab Ali ◽  
Qianjie Zhang ◽  
Dongmei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Behavior ◽  
Aqueous Medium ◽  
Caprylic Acid ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Diagram Method ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Polyglycerol Ester ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Emulsifying Ability

Nanoemulsions were prepared using polyglycerol esters as emulsifiers. The effects of emulsifiers, oils, and polyols on the phase behavior of nanoemulsions were analyzed by phase diagram method using caprylic acid capric triglyceride (318), mineral oil, and squalane (Squ) as oils respectively. Various factors affecting the area of the oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion were investigated. The results showed that hydrophilic polyglyceryl-4 laurate was beneficial to the formation of translucent nanoemulsions, while lipophilic polyglyceryl-4 oleate could synergize the emulsification performance and was more conducive to the formation of nanoemulsions; the type of oil could affect the emulsifying ability of the emulsifier. It was found that it was beneficial to form translucent nanoemulsion when caprylic acid capric triglyceride was adopted as oil. However, it was almost impossible to form translucent nanoemulsions when mineral oil and squalane were used as oils. The addition of water-soluble jojoba ester was beneficial to the formation of O/W emulsion. In addition, glycerin can improve the polarity of the aqueous medium, enhance the affinity between emulsifiers and aqueous medium, and help to form a translucent nanoemulsion.

Naval Applications of Elastomers

2004 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Roland
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Material ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Mechanical Equilibrium ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Energy Transmission ◽  
Surface Vessels ◽  
The Military ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The fact that rubber can be studied in a state of mechanical equilibrium makes it the most fundamentally interesting polymeric material. Elastomers also find wide application both in industry and the military, due to the unique combination of obtainable properties. This short review describes selected uses of rubber by the U.S. Navy on surface vessels, submarines and aircraft. The emphasis is applications which exploit rubber's capacity for energy transmission, storage and dissipation.

Biomimetic Synthesis of Water Soluble Conductive Polypyrrole and Poly (3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene).

2002 ◽  
Vol 736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinando F. Bruno ◽  
Jacqueline M. Fortier ◽  
Ramaswamy Nagarajan ◽  
Sucharita Roy ◽  
Jayant Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biomimetic Synthesis ◽  
Polystyrene Sulfonate ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Poly Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Biomimetic Method ◽  
Poly Ethylene

ABSTRACTA novel biomimetic method for the synthesis of a conducting molecular complex of polypyrrole and of Poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in the presence of a polyelectrolyte, such as polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) is presented. A poly(ethylene glycol) modified hematin (PEG-Hematin) was used to catalyze the polymerization of pyrrole and of 3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene in the presence of SPS to form a Polypyrrole/SPS and PEDOT/SPS complex. UV-vis, FTIR, electrical conductivity and TGA studies for all complexes indicate the presence of a thermally stable and electrically conductive form of these polymers. Furthermore the presence of SPS in this complex provides a unique combination of properties such as processability and water-solubility. Water-soluble polypyrrole opens new avenues for the fabrication of novel biosensors.

scholarly journals Effects of a polymeric organic coagulant for industrial mineral oil wastewater treatment using response surface methodology (RSM)

Water SA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (2 April) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Kweinor Tetteh ◽  
S Rathilal
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Oil Droplets ◽  
Flotation Process ◽  
Coagulant Dosage ◽  
Oil Wastewater ◽  
Response Variables

In this study, treatment of a local South African oil refinery effluent using a coagulation flotation process is designed using response surface methodology (RSM). A Box-Behnken design (BBD) implementing the RSM is applied to evaluate the effects and interactions of three operating parameters, viz., pH, coagulant dosage and flotation time, on the treatment of mineral oil wastewater (MOW). Polyacrylamide (Zetag-FS/A50), which is a water-soluble compound, is applied to enhance the adsorption mechanism and intermolecular bridging to minimise the amount of oil droplets. In addition, due to the monomeric nature and the charge density of the Zetag-FS/A50, its efficiency was evaluated to serve as an alternative coagulant for the pretreatment of the MOW. The removal of chemical oxidation demand (COD), soap oil and grease (SOG), total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity from the MOW were used as the response variables for the coagulation flotation process. This was done with a standard dissolved air flotation jar test. The results show that the actual COD, SOG, TSS and turbidity percentage removal at optimised conditions with a coagulant dosage of 50 mg/L were 82%, 83%,70% and 83% respectively, while the predicted response was 92%, 96%, 73% and 87% for COD, SOG, TSS and turbidity, respectively. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the proposed models are significant at a 95% confidence level. A quadratic model was generated for response variables COD and SOG, while TSS and turbidity produced a linear model. The models fitted well with the experimental data with correlation coefficients (actual R2) of 0.94 for COD, 0.91 for SOG, 0.81 for TSS, and 0.75 for turbidity. The outcome of the study shows that the RSM has merit to optimise and identify the most important factor to control and the Zetag-FS/A50 coagulant has the potential to adsorb the oil droplets in order to enhance the treatment efficiency of the process.

Applications of Silicon Nitride Based Ceramics in the U.S.

1992 ◽  
Vol 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nathan Katz
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Nitride ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Electronic Components ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
The Past ◽  
Near Net Shape ◽  
Commercial Applications ◽  
Engine Components ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACTSilicon nitride based ceramics have unique combinations of mechanical, thermal-physical and electrical properties. Additionally, silicon nitride based materials can be fabricated into near net shape components by several processing routes. This unique combination of properties and processing versatility have encouraged the use of silicon nitride based ceramics in a variety of demanding commercial applications over the past decade. In the U.S., these applications currently include cutting tools, bearings, and selected components for diesel engines. Projected future applications include a broader range of reciprocating and gas turbine engine components, and electronic components. For each of these applications examples of use and the key properties of silicon nitride which enable enhanced systems performance will be discussed. Several materials developments which may broaden the range of applicability of silicon nitride based ceramics will be described.

Historical Introduction

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 2-5
Author(s):  
R. D. Heidenreich
Keyword(s):  
Electron Emission ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Secondary Electron Emission ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Secondary Emission ◽  
Wave Nature ◽  
Nobel Prize In Physics ◽  
Primary Electrons ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Mutual Agreement

This program has been organized by the EMSA to commensurate the 50th anniversary of the experimental verification of the wave nature of the electron. Davisson and Germer in the U.S. and Thomson and Reid in Britian accomplished this at about the same time. Their findings were published in Nature in 1927 by mutual agreement since their independent efforts had led to the same conclusion at about the same time. In 1937 Davisson and Thomson shared the Nobel Prize in physics for demonstrating the wave nature of the electron deduced in 1924 by Louis de Broglie.The Davisson experiments (1921-1927) were concerned with the angular distribution of secondary electron emission from nickel surfaces produced by 150 volt primary electrons. The motivation was the effect of secondary emission on the characteristics of vacuum tubes but significant deviations from the results expected for a corpuscular electron led to a diffraction interpretation suggested by Elasser in 1925.

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