International Mathematical Education: Some Remarks on Japanese Mathematics Education

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Howard F. Fehr

Ever since the results of the International Achievement Tests in Mathematics were announced, much interest has been expressed in the outstanding performance made by the Japanese students.1 The test results displayed an accomplishment that at age thirteen, and overall, was far su perior to the other countries involved. Many analyses have been made of the subject matter involved in the questions, of the type of questions, of the teachers of the students, and of the curricula of each of the countries, to either sustain or disprove popularly expressed superiority of Japanese mathematics education. This article merely reviews the existing structure of Japanese education and points to some unique features of Japanese culture that may offer a partial explanation. It is not intended in any sense to suggest that the Japanese program or its culture— which is evidently satisfying to their own people—is one that would be satisfactory for others. It is merely one of many cultures which we should corne to under stand as the world grows closer knit in its forward progress.

Pythagoras ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Sánchez Aguilar ◽  
Juan Gabriel Molina Zavaleta

This article reports the results of a literature review focused on identifying the links between mathematics education and democracy. The review is based on the analysis of a collection of manuscripts produced in different regions of the world. The analysis of these articles focuses on six aspects, namely, (1) definitions of democracy used in these texts, (2) identified links between mathematics education and democracy, (3) suggested strategies to foster a democratic competence in mathematics students (4) tensions and difficulties inherent in mathematical education for democracy, (5) the fundamental role of the teacher in the implementation of democratic education and (6) selected criticisms of mathematical education for democracy. The main contributions of this article are to provide the reader with an overview of the literature related to mathematics education and democracy, and to highlight some of the theoretical and empirical topics that are necessary to further development within this research area.


1993 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-278
Author(s):  
Anna Sierpinska ◽  
Jeremy Kilpatrick ◽  
Nicolas Balacheff ◽  
A. Geoffrey Howson ◽  
Anna Sfard ◽  
...  

As mathematics education has become better established as a domain of scienti fic research (if not as a scientific discipline), exactly what this research is and what its results are have become less clear. The hi story of the past three International Congresses on Mathematical Education demonstrates the need for greater clarity. At the Budapest congress in 1988, in particular, there was a general feeling that mathematics educators from different parts of the world. countries, or even areas of the same country often talk past one another. There seems to be a lack of consensus on what it means to be a mathematics educator. Standards of scientific quality and the criteria for accepting a paper vary considerably among the more than 250 journals on mathematics education published throughout the world.


2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-107
Author(s):  
Toru Shimizu

Summary This article is the written text of a presentation made at a workshop on cooperation between authors and their translators at a symposium in Nice in November 1983 on the subject "French, a foreign language". Part of the author's ideas are based on his experience in translating the works of Michel Butor. Language imposes a certain vision of the world on speakers, but not in a rigid and non-modifiable way. In this respect, translation has always played and continues to play an important role in shaping Japanese culture through experimentation with new styles and new approaches. In Japan, translation of literature is considered as participation in literary creation : most translations of literary and theoretical texts are done by academics, critics and writers, and the translated text of a book is generally followed by a rather long essay by the translator. In France, translators are generally not considered as literary personalities and their social status is accordingly low, in spite of a number of significant exceptions. And yet, translation forces one to innovate conceptually and linguistically, and therefore culturally; hence the positive nature of its contribution to the host culture, in particular through cooperation between authors and their translators.


2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Jiménez Espinosa

Aunque en las últimas dos décadas la situación tiende a cambiar, históricamente se ha tenido la creencia de que para enseñar matemáticas sólo se requiere el buen dominio de los temas, sin tener en cuenta que implícitamente hay una actitud frente a la clase, esta actitud del profesor se refleja en las actividades que desarrollan los estudiantes, de acuerdo con lo que él crea que es esta disciplina y con los fines que persiga su enseñanza, es decir, saber buena matemática es una condición necesaria, pero no suficiente para enseñarla. La actuación del profesor frente a sus estudiantes –la mayoría de las veces implícita e inconsciente– determina en gran medida el progreso de ellos, los resultados en sus aprendizajes y el gusto o la aversión por la matemática. Así las cosas, el problema no es solo cuánta matemática se sabe, ni cuál es la mejor forma de enseñarla, sino tener suficiente claridad sobre qué es realmente la matemática (Hersh, 1986). Tradicionalmente se han manejado dos formas básicas de concebir los conceptos matemáticos: como entes abstractos o como entes que tienen relación con el mundo y con el entorno en que se vive, a lo largo de la historia de la matemática, diversas escuelas filosóficas han estudiado estas dos formas de ver los objetos matemáticos, como el platonismo, el idealismo, el racionalismo, el logicismo, el empirismo, el constructivismo, el formalismo y, últimamente, el enfoque socio-cultural. De esta forma, el objetivo de este artículo es examinar algunas de estas posturas filosóficas sobre la naturaleza de la matemática, su incidencia en el salón de clase y en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes, y generar reflexión entre los docentes del área, conducente a hacer una matemática más agradable y significativa para los niños y jóvenes. Palabras clave: naturaleza de la matemática, objeto matemático, enseñanza, aprendizaje. Abstract Even if in the last two decades the situation tends to change, the history of mathematical education shows that, it has had the belief that to be a maths teacher, one only needs a good command of its topics, without having in mind that one has an attitude in front of the class. The teacher’s attitude is reflected in the activities that the students develop, according how he perceives the subject and the objectives pursued by his teachings. In other words, a good  mathematics knowledge is a necessary condition, but not sufficient to teach it. The teacher’s performance in front of his students -most of the time implicit and unconscious- determines a great part of the students progress, the results in their learning and their like or dislike of the subject. Therefore, ‘the problem is not only how much mathematics knowledge one has, nor which is the best way to teach it, but to have sufficient clarity of what mathematics is truly about’ (Hersh, 1986). Traditionally, there have been two basic forms of conceiving mathematical concepts: As abstract entities or as entities related to the world and the environment in which we live. Through the history of maths, diverse philosophical schools have studied these two forms of viewing mathematical notions: As abstract entities or entities which have a relation with the world and the environment where ones lives. Throughout maths’ History diverse philosophical schools have studied these two ways to see the mathematical concepts, such as platonism, idealism, rationalism, logicism, empiricism, constructivism, formalism and ultimately the social-cultural approach. Thus the objective of this article is to examine some of these philosophical statements about mathematics nature, its presence in the classroom, and in the students learning in order to generate a reflection among those who teach it, to make mathematics more enjoyable and meaningful to children and teenagers.Key words: Nature of Mathematics, Mathematical Object, Teaching, Learning.


1968 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-180
Author(s):  
Irving Hollingshead

Educators in a developing country who are interested in improving their methods and curricula must, of necessity, build upon the work that has been done in other parts of the world. At the same time it is important that they revise and adapt foreign material to their own needs and culture. The present article describes progress in mathematics education in Kenya, which is one of the more developed countries of East Africa. Many of the problems of Kenya are problems of all East Africa, but mathematics teachers need hardly be warned about the danger of making unwarranted generalizations. Contrary to the impression held by some people in the United States, Africa contains a diversity of people with very different cultures and problems about which sweeping generalization is impossible. The reader is also warned that the following remarks are the impressions of an American in the country on a two-year contract, not those of a native Kenyan. This may have resulted in some biases—but these, I hope, are few.


Author(s):  
Joice Yuko Obata ◽  
Luciane Ferreira Mocrosky ◽  
Marco Aurélio Kalinke

Resumo: Este artigo visa discutir significados atribuídos à tecnologia e à produção de conhecimento com a tecnologia no contexto escolar, tendo por pano de fundo sentidos destes na Educação Matemática. Em atenção à interrogação orientadora “Que compreensões podem ser possíveis quando visamos o encontro tecnologia-educação?” estudamos autores que se dedicam ao tema, buscando suporte de fundo teórico-filosófico para respondê-la. Deste estudo delineamos um percurso de exposição de nossas compreensões, iniciando com uma seção que visa demarcar a inserção da tecnologia na educação brasileira. Seguimos, abrindo uma discussão sobre matizes históricas das tecnologias na Educação Matemática no Brasil e finalizamos nosso texto dialogando com as ideias de Martin Heidegger, em direção a um entendimento de educação tecnológica. Para este autor o “ter” e “usar” tecnologias solicitam ser vistas no movimento do produzir conhecimento, transformando o aprender e o ensinar, de modo a habitar o mundo adjetivado de tecnológico.Palavras-chave: Educação. Tecnologia. Educação Matemática. Produção de Conhecimento. Educação Tecnológica.  TECHNOLOGY, EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION: HERITAGES AND ADDRESSES Abstract: This article aims to discuss meanings attributed to technology and the production of knowledge with technology in the school context, having in the background these meanings in Mathematics Education. In consideration of the guiding question “What understandings may be possible when we look at the technology-education meeting?” We study authors who are dedicated to the subject, seeking support from a theoretical-philosophical background to answer it. From this study we outline a course of exposition of our understandings, starting with a section that aims to demarcate the insertion of technology in Brazilian education. We continue by opening a discussion about historical nuances of technologies in Mathematics Education in Brazil and finalizing our text by having dialogues with the ideas of Martin Heidegger towards an understanding of technological education. According to this author, “to have” and “to use” technologies request to be seen in the movement of producing knowledge, transforming learning and teaching, to inhabit the world classificated as technological.Keywords: Education. Technology. Mathematical Education. Knowledge Production. Technological Education.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-30
Author(s):  
Marisa Rosâni Abreu da Silveira ◽  
Valdomiro Pinheiro Teixeira Junior ◽  
Paulo Vilhena da Silva

Este texto objetiva discutir o relativismo na Educação Matemática e suas consequências para a aprendizagem, principalmente quando a objetividade da Matemática é colocada em suspeição, ao considerar que a produção do conhecimento é relativa a cada cultura, sociedade e indivíduo. Para tanto, a partir de um ensaio teórico, analisamos a relação entre relativismo, ciência e Educação Matemática. Refletindo sobre a formação de sujeitos capazes de compreender a realidade de maneira cada vez mais elaborada, apontamos a Matemática escolar como instância socializadora dos conhecimentos sistematizados. Nossa análise busca evidenciar que a objetividade sempre esteve presente na construção da ciência e, nesse sentido, destacamos a objetividade da Matemática na filosofia da linguagem, esclarecendo como está entrelaçada com a linguagem, permitindo um conhecimento objetivo do mundo, contribuindo, a nosso ver, para o debate a respeito da valorização do saber escolar, em particular o matemático, tão importante para o desenvolvimento de qualquer sociedade.Palavras-chave: Educação Matemática. Objetividade. Relativismo.Mathematical objectivity and relativism in Mathematics EducationAbstract: This paper aims to discuss relativism in Mathematics Education and its consequences for learning, especially when the objectivity of Mathematics is put in suspicion, considering the production of knowledge relative to each culture, society and individual. To do so, from a theoretical essay, we analyze the relation between relativism, science and Mathematical Education. Reflecting on the formation of subjects capable of understanding reality in an increasingly elaborate way, we point the school Mathematics as a socializing instance of systematized knowledge. Our analysis seeks to show that objectivity has always been present in the construction of science and in this sense we highlight the objectivity of mathematics in the philosophy of language, clarifying how it is intertwined with language, allowing an objective knowledge of the world, contributing, in our view, for the debate on the valorization of school knowledge, in particular the mathematical one, so important for the development of any society.Keywords: Mathematics Education. Objectivity. Relativism.


Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Małkowski ◽  
Janusz Nieznański

In contemporary power systems, the load shedding schemes are typically based on disconnecting a pre-specified amount of load after the frequency drops below a predetermined value. The actual conditions at the time of disturbance may largely differ from the assumptions, which can lead to non-optimal or ineffective operation of the load shedding scheme. For many years, increasing the effectiveness of the underfrequency load shedding (UFLS) schemes has been the subject of research around the world. Unfortunately, the proposed solutions often require costly technical resources and/or large amounts of real-time data monitoring. This paper puts forth an UFLS scheme characterized by increased effectiveness in the case of large disturbances and reduced disconnected power in the case of small and medium disturbances compared to the conventional load-shedding solutions. These advantages are achieved by replacing time-consuming consecutive load dropping with the simultaneous load dropping mechanism and by replacing ineffective fixed-frequency activation thresholds independent of the state of the system with implicit adaptive thresholds based on fuzzy logic computations. The proposed algorithm does not require complex and costly technical solutions. The performance of the proposed scheme was validated using multivariate computer simulations. Selected test results are included in this paper.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 797-806
Author(s):  
Siti Nur Asia ◽  
Slamet Slamet

This study aims to describe the steps to implement the application of RME (Realistic Mathematics Education) to improve the learning outcomes of class VII students of MTs Al-Hikmah Bululawang on the subject to support and change values. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (CAR). The data collected in this study include: 1) the results of observations of teacher activities and student activities, 2) results of field notes, 3) results of the final cycle test. RME is carried out by the following steps: 1) solving contextual problems, 2) resolving contextual problems, 3) comparing and discussing answers, and 4) comparing the learning outcomes of class VII students of MTs Al-Hikmah Bululawang on approved and changed values. This increase was discussed based on the final test results of students who achieved KKM Increasing the increase by 20 percent from before the implementation of RME and 23 percent from cycle 1 to cycle 2 and supported by the level of delay in the learning process seen from the results of "Very Good", so this study was successful. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan langkah-langkah penerapan pendekatan RME (Realistic Mathematics Education) untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas VII MTs Al-Hikmah Bululawang pada pokok bahasan perbandingan senilai dan berbalik nilai. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK). Data yang dikumpulkan pada penelitian ini meliputi: 1) hasil observasi aktivitas guru dan aktivitas siswa, 2) hasil catatan lapangan, 3) hasil tes akhir siklus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan pendekatan RME yang dilakukan dengan langkah-langkah berikut: 1) memahami masalah kontekstual, 2) menyelesaikan masalah kontekstual, 3) membandingkan dan mendiskusikan jawaban, dan 4) menyimpulkan dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas VII MTs Al-Hikmah Bululawang pada materi perbandingan senilai dan berbalik nilai. Peningkatan ini ditunjukkan berdasarkan hasil tes akhir siswa yang mencapai KKM mengalami peningkatan sebesar 20 persen dari sebelum diterapkannya RME dan 23 persen dari siklus 1 ke siklus 2 dan didukung oleh taraf keterlaksanaan proses pembelajaran yang dilihat dari hasil observasi kegiatan aktivitas guru dan aktivitas siswa yang menunjukkan kategori “sangat baik”, sehingga penelitian ini dikatakan berhasil.


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