scholarly journals A brief history of anaesthesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-197
Author(s):  
Vera Gazdić
Keyword(s):  
International Association ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Inhalation Anesthesia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
History Of Anaesthesia

According to the definition of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), pain is defined as: "Unpleasant subjective feeling and emotional experience associated with current or potential tissue damage of a particular localisation", which, as such, poses a challenge for epidemiological research to determine its frequency and prevalence. We have all heard the motto that surgery has experienced its unprecedented development on the wings of anaesthesia. This is most certainly the case, since it is precisely the pain that prevents any invasive procedure on the human body, hence the very elimination of pain has opened up the way for the application and development of surgery. For this reason, the skill and now the science of anaesthesia are epochal civilizational achievements, which is why it is worth remembering the attempts and successes of its application. The very beginning of mankind cannot be imagined without the humans facing some sort of pain. As long ago as about 460 to 370 BC, the renowned Greek physician Hippocrates (in Greek:'Ipocrάtes'), who is nowadays considered the founder of modern medicine, stated: "to reduce pain is a divine deed" or, in Latin: Sedare dolorem, opus divinum est! The article presents Morton's discovery of inhalation anesthesia, now as far back as in 1846, its development, introduction of other modes of anaesthesia, local, infiltration and regional, use of neuromuscular blockers and auxiliary procedures, such as endotracheal intubation and fiberoptic bronchoscopy, without which modern anaesthesia is inconceivable today.

Revised definition of pain by ‘International Association for the Study of Pain’: Concepts, challenges and compromises

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Ali Malik
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
International Association ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Key Words Pain ◽  
The World ◽  
Previous Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

A new definition of pain has been formalized and adopted by International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) in January 2020, which states that pain is “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling that associated with actual or potential tissue damage”. It has been a result of a number of feedbacks from the pain physicians from around the world about their dissatisfaction about the previous definition. In this editorial the author endeavors to give his perspective on the concept of this definition, along with compromises made while incorporating this definition and challenges for future in the revising and updating it. But we must also acknowledge that this definition is a step in the right direction for considering pain as a disease, a standalone health condition, and not only a symptom.   Key words: Pain, concepts; Challenges; Pain, definition; IASP; Terminology   Citation: Malik NA Revised definition of pain by ‘International Association for the Study of Pain’: Concepts, challenges and compromises. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2020;24(5): Received: 20 June 2020, Reviewed: 24, 28 June 2020, Accepted: 1 July 2020

What Is a Pain in a Body Part?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
Murat Aydede
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
International Association ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Bodily Sensations ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe International Association for the Study of Pain’s (IASP) definition of “pain” defines it as a subjective experience. The Note accompanying the definition emphasizes that, as such, pains are not to be identified with objective conditions of body parts (such as actual or potential tissue damage). Nevertheless, it goes on to state that a pain “is unquestionably a sensation in a part or parts of the body, but it is also always unpleasant and therefore also an emotional experience.” This generates a puzzle that philosophers have been well familiar with: how to understand our utterances and judgments attributing pain to body parts. (The puzzle is, of course, general extending to all sensations routinely located in body parts.) This work tackles this puzzle. I go over various options specifying the truth-conditions for pain-attributing judgments and, at the end, make my own recommendation which is an adverbialist, qualia-friendly proposal with completely naturalistic credentials that is also compatible with forms of weak intentionalism. The results are generalizable to other bodily sensations and can be used to illustrate, quite generally, the viability of a qualia-friendly adverbialist (but naturalist and weakly intentionalist) account of perception.

Diagnostic Conceptualization for CRPS-1: Challenges in the IASP's Diagnostic Conceptualization for CRPS-1 (Formerly Conceptualized as RSD)

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-8, 12
Author(s):  
Robert J. Barth ◽  
Tom W. Bohr
Keyword(s):  
Somatoform Disorders ◽  
International Association ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Burning Pain ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
No Gold Standard

Abstract Complex regional pain syndrome-type 1 (CRPS-1) is a problematic diagnosis of a characteristic burning pain that is present without stimulation or movement, occurs beyond the territory of a single peripheral nerve, and is disproportionate to the inciting event. This article highlights some challenging aspects of the diagnostic formulation for CRPS-1 by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) and provides recommendations to address the issues. First, the terminology, CRPS-1, was created specifically to replace the previous term, “reflex sympathetic dystrophy.” Unfortunately, no gold standard diagnostic tests exist for CRPS-1, and the concept itself has a long and continuing history of controversy, not the least factor of which is the lack of reliable diagnostic schemes. Next, IASP's criteria for CRPS-1 do not standardize the diagnostic process and depart from epidemiologic guidelines, particularly regarding continuing pain, allodynia, or hyperalgesia disproportionate to any inciting event. Further, the IASP protocol overlaps diagnostic criteria for somatoform disorders, eg, those in the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual, DSM-IV-TR. Finally, according to the IASP protocol, the majority of CRPS-1 patients present with symptoms that are indistinguishable from those in the DSM-IV-TR guidelines, and the majority of CRPS-1 cases are indistinguishable from the formal definition of malingering.

scholarly journals Pain indicators in newborns

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slobodan Spasojevic ◽  
Aleksandra Bregun-Doronjski
Keyword(s):  
Pain Perception ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
International Association ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Critical Window ◽  
Neonatal Pain ◽  
Face Expression ◽  
Definition Of

Definition of pain. The International Association for the Study of Pain has defined pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage." The interpretation of pain is subjective. Each person forms an internal construct of pain through encountered injury. Pain and newborn. The issue of pain perception in newborns, its management and prevention has been neglected for decades. The inability of "self-report" of painful experience has contributed significantly to misunderstanding of the importance of this problem and in?adequate treatment. The main characteristic of this 'critical window of brain development' period is rapid enlargement of brain volume and its great plasticity. Harmful short-term and long-term consequences can arise as a consequence of disturbance of the sophisticated balance between newborn and its surrounding. Neonatal pain indicators. As a response to a present painful stimulus, the newborn adapts to this acute stress with changes in endocrine, vegetative, immune and behavioral area. An ideal pain indicator in neonatal period does not exist. There are several different groups o them, namely contextual and developmental indicators (gestational age, contributed illness, medication, for example), physiological (heart rate, vagal tone, breathing rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, transcutaneous partial pressures of oxygen and carbon-dioxide, intracranial pressure, palm sweating) and behavioral ones (face expression, movements of limbs, cry), several neonatal pain scales were constructed on the basis of these indicators. .

On Studying Comparative Religion

1975 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Zwi Werblowsky
Keyword(s):  
International Association ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Recent Contribution ◽  
Natural Scientist ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
Similar Remark ◽  
History Of ◽  
Field Workers ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Analytical Tools

The Dutch writer Menno ter Braak once observed that when there is no bacon in the larder you tend to spend your time sharpening your knives. In a different context a somewhat similar remark concerning his preoccupation with the sharpening of his analytical tools was made by the philosopher Husserl. Applying these remarks—without the least intent of facetiousness—to the comparative study of religions, we might say that concern with methodology should be an occasional pastime, in which we may indulge at moments when we take an occasional respite from our substantive labours—but with plenty of bacon, as it were, in the larder. The quinquennial congresses of the International Association for the History of Religions are undoubtedly an appropriate occasion for such critical and reflective introspection. In fact, some of the best methodological clarifications come not froma priorilegislators but from active researchers stepping back for a moment, putting some distance between their nose and the grindstone, and asking themselves what exactly they and their colleagues have been and are doing, and how they should best proceed. (I am thinking, e.g., of J. Schwab's penetrating and profound essay ‘What do Scientists do?’ as an outstanding example of such reflection by a natural scientist.) Whilst the sterility of abstract discussions about the definition of religion is generally admitted, it should be acknowledged that some exceedingly helpful suggestions have been made by practising field-workers and historians of religion. I am thinking of e.g., C. Geertz, M. Spiro, and Th. van Baaren. Other examples of the theoretical clarifications resulting from the interaction—addicts of the currently fashionable jargon would say ‘feedback’—between attempts at definition and the actualpraxisof historians of religion are H. Ch. Puech's short introduction and A. Brelich's majorProlégomènesin vol. i of the PléiadeHistoire des Religions(1970), as well as U. Bianchi's thoughtful and thought-provoking recent contribution. Clearly students of religion continue to be very much exercised by the double problem of the nature of their subject-matter and of the proper methods of studying it.

What is Chronic Pain?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Foreman
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
International Association ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Pain Research ◽  
Definition Of

What is pain? The official definition of pain is “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.” This comes from the International Association for the Study of Pain, the world’s top pain research...

Towards the digital land reclamation

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Sergey Vasil'ev ◽  
Vyacheslav Schedrin ◽  
Aleksandra Slabunova ◽  
Vladimir Slabunov
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Optimal Management ◽  
Scientific Potential ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Full Cooperation

The aim of the research is a retrospective analysis of the history and stages of development of digital land reclamation in Russia, the definition of «Digital land reclamation» and trends in its further development. In the framework of the retrospective analysis the main stages of melioration formation are determined. To achieve the maximum effect of the «digital reclamation» requires full cooperation of practical experience and scientific potential accumulated throughout the history of the reclamation complex, and the latest achievements of science and technology, which is currently possible only through the full digitalization of reclamation activities. The introduction of «digital reclamation» will achieve greater potential and effect in the modernization of the reclamation industry in the «hightech industry», through the use of innovative developments and optimal management decisions.

Vyshnivetsky Castle Library of Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky – Historical Book Heritage and Object of Bibliological and Historical Reconstruction

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 166-182
Author(s):  
Iryna Tsiborovska-Rymarovych
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Cultural Images ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Definition Of

The article has as its object the elucidation of the history of the Vyshnivetsky Castle Library, definition of the content of its fund, its historical and cultural significance, correlation of the founder of the Library Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky with the Book.The Vyshnivetsky Castle Library was formed in the Ukrainian historical region of Volyn’, in the Vyshnivets town – “family nest” of the old Ukrainian noble family of the Vyshnivetskies under the “Korybut” coat of arm. The founder of the Library was Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky (1680–1744) – Grand Hetman and Grand Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilno Voievoda. He was a politician, an erudite and great bibliophile. In the 30th–40th of the 18th century the main Prince’s residence Vyshnivets became an important centre of magnate’s culture in Rich Pospolyta. M. S. Vyshnivetsky’s contemporaries from the noble class and clergy knew quite well about his library and really appreciated it. According to historical documents 5 periods are defined in the Library’s history. In the historical sources the first place is occupied by old-printed books of Library collection and 7 Library manuscript catalogues dating from 1745 up to the 1835 which give information about quantity and topical structures of Library collection.The Library is a historical and cultural symbol of the Enlightenment epoch. The Enlightenment and those particular concepts and cultural images pertaining to that epoch had their effect on the formation of Library’s fund. Its main features are as follow: comprehensive nature of the stock, predominance of French eighteenth century editions, presence of academic books and editions on orientalistics as well as works of the ideologues of the Enlightenment and new kinds of literature, which generated as a result of this movement – encyclopaedias, encyclopaedian dictionaries, almanacs, etc. Besides the universal nature of its stock books on history, social and political thought, fiction were dominating.The reconstruction of the history of Vyshnivetsky’s Library, the historical analysis of the provenances in its editions give us better understanding of the personality of its owners and in some cases their philanthropic activities, and a better ability to identify the role of this Library in the culture life of society in a certain epoch.

Whips and Mermaids

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Игумен Виталий Уткин
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Spiritual Culture ◽  
History Of

Starting with the views of V.V Rozanov, the article studies the correlation of Slavic “Rusalii” (Green Week) eschatological rites and the intra-Church mystic sects traditionally called “Whips” (Khlysty or Christ believers) and “Skopsy”. The author comes out with the suggestion that those two phenomena were genetically connected. The author analyses the issue of the emotional experience of the communion unity using ritual eschatological dances and motions. Intra-Church mystic groups are closely connected with the history of Russian and Slavic folk spiritual culture.

(A review). BRAUN-BLANQUETIA. Recueil de travaux de geobotanique / review of geobotanical monographs. Vol. 46. Centenaire de la phytosociologie. CAMERINO, 2010. 423 p.

2011 ◽  
pp. 143-147
Author(s):  
L. G. Naumova ◽  
V. B. Martynenko ◽  
S. M. Yamalov
Keyword(s):  
Plant Association ◽  
Northern Asia ◽  
The Third ◽  
International Botanical ◽  
International Botanical Congress ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

Date of «birth» of phytosociology (phytocenology) is considered to be 1910, when at the third International Botanical Congress in Brussels adopted the definition of plant association in the wording Including Flaó and K. Schröter (Flahault, Schröter, 1910; Alexandrov, 1969). The centenary of this momentous event in the history of phytocenology devoted to the 46th edition of the Yearbook «Braun-Blanquetia», which began to emerge in 1984 in Camerino (Italy) and it has a task to publish large geobotanical works. During the years of the publication of the Yearbook on its pages were published twice work of the Russian scientists — «The steppes of Mongolia» (Z. V. Karamysheva, V. N. Khramtsov. Vol. 17. 1995), and «Classification of continental hemiboreal forests of Northern Asia» (N. B. Ermakov in collaboration with English colleagues and J. Dring, J. Rodwell. Vol. 28. 2000).

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