scholarly journals Pain indicators in newborns

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slobodan Spasojevic ◽  
Aleksandra Bregun-Doronjski
Keyword(s):  
Pain Perception ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
International Association ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Critical Window ◽  
Neonatal Pain ◽  
Face Expression ◽  
Definition Of

Definition of pain. The International Association for the Study of Pain has defined pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage." The interpretation of pain is subjective. Each person forms an internal construct of pain through encountered injury. Pain and newborn. The issue of pain perception in newborns, its management and prevention has been neglected for decades. The inability of "self-report" of painful experience has contributed significantly to misunderstanding of the importance of this problem and in?adequate treatment. The main characteristic of this 'critical window of brain development' period is rapid enlargement of brain volume and its great plasticity. Harmful short-term and long-term consequences can arise as a consequence of disturbance of the sophisticated balance between newborn and its surrounding. Neonatal pain indicators. As a response to a present painful stimulus, the newborn adapts to this acute stress with changes in endocrine, vegetative, immune and behavioral area. An ideal pain indicator in neonatal period does not exist. There are several different groups o them, namely contextual and developmental indicators (gestational age, contributed illness, medication, for example), physiological (heart rate, vagal tone, breathing rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, transcutaneous partial pressures of oxygen and carbon-dioxide, intracranial pressure, palm sweating) and behavioral ones (face expression, movements of limbs, cry), several neonatal pain scales were constructed on the basis of these indicators. .

Managing Pain

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Allcock ◽  
Ruth Day
Keyword(s):  
International Association ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Nursing Management ◽  
Patient’S Experience ◽  
Emotional Component ◽  
Individual Nature ◽  
The Individual

This chapter aims to provide you with the knowledge to be able to take an evidence-based approach to the nursing management of people who are experiencing pain. As a practising nurse, pain will be something that many of your patients will experience; however, one individual’s pain may be very different from another person’s. Pain can vary depending on the circumstances in which it is experienced and the individual characteristics of the person experiencing it. Understanding someone’s pain experience is therefore challenging because you cannot see someone’s pain or easily judge how bad it is, what it feels like, or how it affects him or her. This chapter provides you with knowledge and skills to recognize, assess, and manage the patient’s experience of pain effectively with evidence-based strategies. The variability of the experience of pain makes defining pain difficult. Pain is something that we have all experienced at some point in our lives and therefore, through these experiences, we have developed an understanding of what we consider to be pain. One of the most widely accepted definitions is that of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), which defines pain as:…An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. (Merskey and Bogduk,1994)…Although this definition is often quoted, the difficulty in defining pain is illustrated by the fact that the IASP added a note (go to http://www.iasp-pain.org/ and search for ‘pain definitions’) to highlight the individual nature of pain and the fact that pain is a sensory experience with an emotional component. The individual nature of pain is also highlighted by another commonly used definition:…Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is and happens whenever he/she says it does. (McCaffery, 1972)…This definition highlights the fact that pain is an individual experience and that measuring pain objectively is difficult. Therefore asking the person and actively listening to the self-report of the experience is the best way in which to understand another person’s pain. A common criticism of McCaffery’s definition is that some people cannot say what they are experiencing.

Revised definition of pain by ‘International Association for the Study of Pain’: Concepts, challenges and compromises

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Ali Malik
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
International Association ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Key Words Pain ◽  
The World ◽  
Previous Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

A new definition of pain has been formalized and adopted by International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) in January 2020, which states that pain is “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling that associated with actual or potential tissue damage”. It has been a result of a number of feedbacks from the pain physicians from around the world about their dissatisfaction about the previous definition. In this editorial the author endeavors to give his perspective on the concept of this definition, along with compromises made while incorporating this definition and challenges for future in the revising and updating it. But we must also acknowledge that this definition is a step in the right direction for considering pain as a disease, a standalone health condition, and not only a symptom.   Key words: Pain, concepts; Challenges; Pain, definition; IASP; Terminology   Citation: Malik NA Revised definition of pain by ‘International Association for the Study of Pain’: Concepts, challenges and compromises. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2020;24(5): Received: 20 June 2020, Reviewed: 24, 28 June 2020, Accepted: 1 July 2020

What Is a Pain in a Body Part?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
Murat Aydede
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
International Association ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Truth Conditions ◽  
Bodily Sensations ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe International Association for the Study of Pain’s (IASP) definition of “pain” defines it as a subjective experience. The Note accompanying the definition emphasizes that, as such, pains are not to be identified with objective conditions of body parts (such as actual or potential tissue damage). Nevertheless, it goes on to state that a pain “is unquestionably a sensation in a part or parts of the body, but it is also always unpleasant and therefore also an emotional experience.” This generates a puzzle that philosophers have been well familiar with: how to understand our utterances and judgments attributing pain to body parts. (The puzzle is, of course, general extending to all sensations routinely located in body parts.) This work tackles this puzzle. I go over various options specifying the truth-conditions for pain-attributing judgments and, at the end, make my own recommendation which is an adverbialist, qualia-friendly proposal with completely naturalistic credentials that is also compatible with forms of weak intentionalism. The results are generalizable to other bodily sensations and can be used to illustrate, quite generally, the viability of a qualia-friendly adverbialist (but naturalist and weakly intentionalist) account of perception.

scholarly journals A brief history of anaesthesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-197
Author(s):  
Vera Gazdić
Keyword(s):  
International Association ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Inhalation Anesthesia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
History Of Anaesthesia

According to the definition of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), pain is defined as: "Unpleasant subjective feeling and emotional experience associated with current or potential tissue damage of a particular localisation", which, as such, poses a challenge for epidemiological research to determine its frequency and prevalence. We have all heard the motto that surgery has experienced its unprecedented development on the wings of anaesthesia. This is most certainly the case, since it is precisely the pain that prevents any invasive procedure on the human body, hence the very elimination of pain has opened up the way for the application and development of surgery. For this reason, the skill and now the science of anaesthesia are epochal civilizational achievements, which is why it is worth remembering the attempts and successes of its application. The very beginning of mankind cannot be imagined without the humans facing some sort of pain. As long ago as about 460 to 370 BC, the renowned Greek physician Hippocrates (in Greek:'Ipocrάtes'), who is nowadays considered the founder of modern medicine, stated: "to reduce pain is a divine deed" or, in Latin: Sedare dolorem, opus divinum est! The article presents Morton's discovery of inhalation anesthesia, now as far back as in 1846, its development, introduction of other modes of anaesthesia, local, infiltration and regional, use of neuromuscular blockers and auxiliary procedures, such as endotracheal intubation and fiberoptic bronchoscopy, without which modern anaesthesia is inconceivable today.

What is Chronic Pain?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Foreman
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
International Association ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Pain Research ◽  
Definition Of

What is pain? The official definition of pain is “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.” This comes from the International Association for the Study of Pain, the world’s top pain research...

Interactive Effects of Acute Suicidal Affective Disturbance and Pain Persistence on Suicide Attempt Frequency and Lethality

Crisis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 413-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan L. Rogers ◽  
Thomas E. Joiner
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Suicidal Behavior ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Physical Pain ◽  
Affective Disturbance ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Acute suicidal affective disturbance (ASAD) has been proposed as a suicide-specific entity that confers risk for imminent suicidal behavior. Preliminary evidence suggests that ASAD is associated with suicidal behavior beyond a number of factors; however, no study to date has examined potential moderating variables.  Aims: The present study tested the hypotheses that physical pain persistence would moderate the relationship between ASAD and (1) lifetime suicide attempts and (2) attempt lethality. Method: Students ( N = 167) with a history of suicidality completed self-report measures assessing the lifetime worst-point ASAD episode and the presence of a lifetime suicide attempt, a clinical interview about attempt lethality, and a physical pain tolerance task. Results: Physical pain persistence was a significant moderator of the association between ASAD and lifetime suicide attempts ( B = 0.00001, SE = 0.000004, p = .032), such that the relationship between ASAD and suicide attempts strengthened at increasing levels of pain persistence. The interaction between ASAD and pain persistence in relation to attempt lethality was nonsignificant ( B = 0.000004, SE = 0.00001, p = .765). Limitations: This study included a cross-sectional/retrospective analysis of worst-point ASAD symptoms, current physical pain perception, and lifetime suicide attempts. Conclusion: ASAD may confer risk for suicidal behavior most strongly at higher levels of pain persistence, whereas ASAD and pain perception do not influence attempt lethality.

scholarly journals Effects of Open-Label Placebos on State Anxiety and Glucocorticoid Stress Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Michael Schaefer ◽  
Julian Hellmann-Regen ◽  
Sören Enge
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Relaxation Techniques ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Negative Feelings

Stress belongs to the most frequent negative feelings people are confronted with in daily life. Strategies against acute stress include, e.g., relaxation techniques or medications, but it is also known that placebos can successfully reduce negative emotional stress. While it is widely held that placebos require deception to provoke a response, recent studies demonstrate intriguing evidence that placebos may work even without concealment (e.g., against anxiety or pain). Most of these studies are based on self-report questionnaires and do not include physiological measures. Here we report results of a study examining whether placebos without deception reduce acute stress. A total of 53 healthy individuals received either placebos without deception or no pills before participating in a laboratory stress test (Maastricht Acute Stress Test, MAST). We recorded self-report stress measures and cortisol responses before and after the MAST. Results showed no significant differences between the placebo and the control group, but when comparing participants with high relative to low beliefs in the power of placebos we found significant lower anxiety and cortisol responses for the placebo believers. These results show that non-deceptive placebos may successfully reduce acute anxiety and stress, but only in participants who had a strong belief in placebos. We discuss the results by suggesting that open-label placebos might be a possible treatment to reduce stress at least for some individuals.

Ambiguous terminology in animal personality research: a self-report questionnaire and a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Sánchez-Tójar ◽  
Maria Moiron ◽  
Petri Toivo Niemelä
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Animal Personality ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Biological Organization ◽  
Personality Research ◽  
Conceptual Definition ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Key Questions

Whether animal personality studies provide insights of broader evolutionary and ecological relevance to behavioural ecology is frequently questioned. One source of controversy is the vast, but often vague conceptual terminology used. From a statistical perspective, animal personality is defined as repeatable among-individual variance in behaviour; however, numerous conceptual definitions of animal personality exist. Here, we performed a 1) self-report questionnaire and 2) systematic literature review to quantify how researchers interpret conceptual and statistical definitions commonly used in animal personality research. We also investigated whether results from the questionnaire agree with those of the literature review. Among the 430 self-reported researchers that participated in our questionnaire, we observed discrepancies in key questions such as the conceptual definition of animal personality or the interpretation of repeatability. Our literature review generally confirmed the global patterns revealed by the questionnaire. Overall, we identified common disagreements in animal personality research and discussed potential solutions. We advocate for the usage of statistically-oriented terminology because conceptual definitions can seemingly be interpreted at multiple levels of biological organization. We expect that adopting such statistically-oriented terminology will, at least partly, avoid the confusion generated by the label “animal personality”, and ultimately help to clarify and move the field forward.

Variations in Time to Recovery from Pediatric Concussion Based on Differing Outcomes of Interest

Neurology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 98 (1 Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. S10.2-S11
Author(s):  
Christina Master ◽  
Kristi Metzger ◽  
Mr. Daniel Corwin ◽  
Catherine McDonald ◽  
Melissa Pfeiffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Return To School ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Concussion Management ◽  
Pediatric Concussion ◽  
Concussion Recovery ◽  
Definition Of

ObjectiveTo quantify variability in pediatric concussion recovery across multiple outcomes of interest.BackgroundPediatric concussion studies are hindered by a common significant limitation: lack of agreement on a standard definition of “recovery.” A variety of clinical outcomes of interest utilized across studies, including symptom self-report, neurocognitive testing results, self-reported return to activity, and physician clearance for activity, leads to challenges for both research, as well as clinical concussion management.Design/MethodsWe enrolled concussed youth, ages 11–18 years, from a specialty sports medicine clinic = 28 days of injury. Patients were followed as part of clinical care for concussion for up to 13 weeks. At each visit, participants completed questionnaires and a battery of clinical measures. From these data, we constructed 10 potential definitions of recovery: 3 based on self-reported symptoms (change from pre-injury, no symptoms, below pre-determined thresholds), 2 based on visio-vestibular examination (VVE) deficits (none, = 1), 2 based on physician clearance (for return to school/sport), and 3 based on self-assessment (“back to normal”, return to school/exercise).ResultsOne hundred seventy-four concussed youth were enrolled (median age: 15 years, 54.6% female) with a median time from injury to initial visit of 12 days (IQR: 7, 20). Median number of visits was 2 (range: 1, 5). We observed a wide variation in the proportion of participants recovered across the 10 definitions. Depending on definition, between 4% and 45% were considered recovered within 4 weeks, and between 10% and 80% were considered recovered at the end of follow-up. The VVE-based definition (=1 deficit) consistently had the highest proportion recovered at all time points, while self-reported return to exercise had the lowest proportion.ConclusionsRecovery from concussion is not a single unitary point in time. These results will provide valuable guidance to clinicians in managing concussion and researchers in designing future observational and interventional trials of pediatric concussion.

“Earth has clear call of daily bells”: Nature’s Apocalyptic Liturgy in Christina Rossetti’s Verses

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 172-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chene Heady Faulstick
Keyword(s):  
Religious Experience ◽  
Religious Conversion ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Broad Definition ◽  
Emotional Interaction ◽  
Baroque Art ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Religious Understanding

AbstractThis essay reconsiders Charles Ryder’s religious conversion in Brideshead Revisited in terms of a primarily emotional conversion. When reading the novel as a pilgrimage to passion, readers can see in Charles a legitimate, convincing emotional conversion, which should—when emphasizing traditional Catholic ideals—ultimately also be understood as a religious conversion. Charles’s emotional interaction with Catholicism includes his intimate, formative relationship with the Catholic Flyte family, especially Sebastian, and aspects of his career as a Baroque artist, as Baroque art is often identified with Catholicism. It also includes Charles’s disenchantment with both the soullessness of war, which drains its participants of any emotional experience, and the modern world, which lacks connection to depth and tradition. Finally, the emotive power of his inadvertent pilgrimage to Brideshead also connects Charles to Catholicism as the house facilitates Charles’s memories of his religious experience at Lord Marchmain’s deathbed, his artistic conversion to Baroque art, and his passionate friendship with Sebastian. Such a broad definition of Catholicism calls for an expansive understanding of religion, but it is this kind of a religious understanding that Brideshead Revisited recommends.

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