Cloning an industry: Strategy typologies of Shanghai biotechnology companies

1969 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Malone ◽  
Brent Hales ◽  
Justin Chan ◽  
Monica Love ◽  
Jeremiah Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Strategic Choice ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Leadership Strategies ◽  
Cost Leadership ◽  
Generic Strategy ◽  
Biotechnology Companies ◽  
Biotechnology Sector ◽  
Insight Into

Insight into the development of the medicinal biotechnology sector of China is provided through interviews of 19 Shanghai-based companies. Two commonly accepted strategy typologies are used to provide a predictive frame towards understanding their potential in the market. Most of the companies interviewed use the Miles & Snow Analyser Strategy. Two companies were clearly Prospectors, with founders of both discovering their technologies in laboratories of developed countries. The Porter Generic Strategy typology indicated that most are using Cost Leadership strategies. The strategic choice of these companies is problematic given the dynamics of the global market in which they could participate but are more sensible within the context of a protected market. For example, it appears that government-sponsored monopoly policies are driving low-cost strategies rather than innovation-based differentiation strategies.

Biotechnology in India: Emerging opportunities

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Himanshu Parmar
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
International Community ◽  
The West ◽  
Biotechnology Companies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Biotechnology Sector

The global biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry is beleaguered with several challenges such as high R&D costs, increasing regulatory restraints and stagnant product pipelines. Thus, major multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies from the West are increasingly looking for low-cost suitable alternatives. Among the emerging markets, India is seen as a low-cost destination with ample opportunities available to be capitalised on without compromising on the quality. To complement the interest from international community, India is also liberalising its economy and offering increasing opportunities to invest, along with other several reforms undertaken by the government. After information technology (IT), the focus is now on biotechnology in India, as is evident with the release of recent draft of the Biotechnology Policy 2005. This paper offer insights into India's biotechnology sector and opportunities.

scholarly journals Reshoring: implementation issues and research opportunities

Management ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
Barbara Ocicka
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Value Creation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Research Opportunities

Summary At the beginning of the 21st century, we continuously observe shifts in supply chains configurations caused by differentiate trends in turbulent environment. The remarkable number of companies restructure supply chains in search for competitiveness and innovation on global market. On the one hand, some labour-intensive industries are moving out of China to the next low-cost countries, on the other hand, some high-tech and innovative manufacturing companies are returning to the developed countries. The scientific purpose of the article is to set out the potential impact of reshoring on value creation in supply chains and to outline research opportunities in this field. Literature review and results of the questionnaire-survey on the Total Cost of Acquisition analysis are guidelines for considerations. Based on the analysis of reshoring drivers and benefits, it is clear that this strategy might have positive influence on the value creation in international and global supply chains management considering three dimensions of the value: economic, social and environmental from perspective of different stakeholders.

scholarly journals Phytoextraction and the economic perspective of phytomining of heavy metals

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amjad Ali ◽  
Di Guo ◽  
Amanullah Mahar ◽  
Wang Ping ◽  
Fazli Wahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Green Technology

Abstract. The world rapid growing population, expanding economics and anthropogenic activities contribute to heavy metals pollution, which are non-biodegradable, persistent and threaten the environment. The rising level of heavy metals in environment emphasizes on indigenous technologies, but conventional technologies are too expensive, laborious and result in secondary pollution. Phytoremediation/phytoextraction is a plant based technology, which is environmental friendly, economic and effective for heavy metals remediation. The global market of phytoremediation is 34–54 billion US$ and is expanding in the developed countries, providing an opportunity for this green technology. Suitability of phytoextraction depends on biomass production, accumulation rate and tolerance to target metals. Metals uptake can be enhanced by exploring effective hyperaccumulators, expanding phytomining operations and extending molecular studies on accumulation mechanism, tolerance and sensitivity of heavy metals. Hyperaccumulator plants achieve greater performance at low cost than conventional technologies for in situ metal removal. Phytomining generate revenue and provide new research area for biofortification of food and feed, biofuel and metal rich biochar production in future. This review highlights the sources of heavy metals and its effects on plants, enhancing phytoremediation process and increasing economic benefits of phytomining.

scholarly journals Globalization Impact on Multinational Enterprises

World ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-230
Author(s):  
Justine Kyove ◽  
Katerina Streltsova ◽  
Ufuoma Odibo ◽  
Giuseppe T. Cirella
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Excellent Starting Point ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Impact

The impact of globalization on multinational enterprises was examined from the years 1980 to 2020. A scoping literature review was conducted for a total of 141 articles. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed typologies were categorized and conclusions were drawn regarding the influence and performance (i.e., positive or negative effects) of globalization. Developed countries show more saturated markets than developing countries that favor developing country multinational enterprises to rely heavily on foreign sales for revenue growth. Developed country multinationals are likely to use more advanced factors of production to create revenue, whereas developing country multinationals are more likely to use less advanced forms. A number of common trends and issues showed corporate social responsibility, emerging markets, political issues, and economic matters as key to global market production. Recommendations signal a strong need for more research that addresses contributive effects in the different economies, starting with the emerging to the developed. Limitations of data availability and inconsistency posed a challenge for this review, yet the use of operationalization, techniques, and analyses from the business literature enabled this study to be an excellent starting point for additional work in the field.

scholarly journals Completely non-fused electron acceptor with 3D-interpenetrated crystalline structure enables efficient and stable organic solar cell

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijiao Ma ◽  
Shaoqing Zhang ◽  
Jincheng Zhu ◽  
Jingwen Wang ◽  
Junzhen Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solar Cell ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Molecular Geometry ◽  
Interpenetrating Network ◽  
Fused Ring ◽  
Molecule Design ◽  
End Capping ◽  
Conversion Efficiencies ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractNon-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) based on non-fused conjugated structures have more potential to realize low-cost organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. However, their power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) are much lower than those of the fused-ring NFAs. Herein, a new bithiophene-based non-fused core (TT-Pi) featuring good planarity as well as large steric hindrance was designed, based on which a completely non-fused NFA, A4T-16, was developed. The single-crystal result of A4T-16 reveals that a three-dimensional interpenetrating network can be formed due to the compact π–π stacking between the adjacent end-capping groups. A high PCE of 15.2% is achieved based on PBDB-TF:A4T-16, which is the highest value for the cells based on the non-fused NFAs. Notably, the device retains ~84% of its initial PCE after 1300 h under the simulated AM 1.5 G illumination (100 mW cm−2). Overall, this work provides insight into molecule design of the non-fused NFAs from the aspect of molecular geometry control.

scholarly journals Recent Findings in Azaphilone Pigments

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 541
Author(s):  
Lúcia P. S. Pimenta ◽  
Dhionne C. Gomes ◽  
Patrícia G. Cardoso ◽  
Jacqueline A. Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Yield Improvement ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
New Compounds

Filamentous fungi are known to biosynthesize an extraordinary range of azaphilones pigments with structural diversity and advantages over vegetal-derived colored natural products such agile and simple cultivation in the lab, acceptance of low-cost substrates, speed yield improvement, and ease of downstream processing. Modern genetic engineering allows industrial production, providing pigments with higher thermostability, water-solubility, and promising bioactivities combined with ecological functions. This review, covering the literature from 2020 onwards, focuses on the state-of-the-art of azaphilone dyes, the global market scenario, new compounds isolated in the period with respective biological activities, and biosynthetic pathways. Furthermore, we discussed the innovations of azaphilone cultivation and extraction techniques, as well as in yield improvement and scale-up. Potential applications in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and textile industries were also explored.

Interfacial interactions between urea formaldehyde and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) of varying chemical composition and their impact on particle boards manufacture (PBs)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria C. Iglesias ◽  
Philip S. McMichael ◽  
Osei A. Asafu-Adjaye ◽  
Brian K. Via ◽  
Maria S. Peresin
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Colloidal Stability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibrils ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Interfacial Interactions

Abstract Wood-based panels are commonly used as building materials for interior and exterior purposes. Their production and utilization have increased over the past decades due to the useful properties they present. Adhesive-bonded products make up to 80% of the wood alternatives on the global market, and of that, urea-formaldehyde (UF) makes up approximately 81% of the resins used. Formaldehyde-based resins are used due to their effectiveness and low cost, as well as their ease of application and lack of color. Nevertheless, their main disadvantages are the lack of tackiness and the emission of formaldehyde over time. To improve UF performance, the utilization of microfibrillated cellulose, has been demonstrated to be effective. However, more understanding on the mechanisms of the interactions is of relevant importance. In this work, we studied interfacial interactions between UF with bleached (BCNF) and unbleached (LCNF) cellulose nanofibrils using Quartz Crystal Microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) technique observing the superior performance of lignin-containing CNF. Additionally, the surface free energies were investigated using Contact Angle Measurements (CA) showing a decrease of the values mainly when utilizing LCNF, which was later correlated with the wettability properties of the particle boards (PBs). PBs with different adhesive/CNF formulations were produced showing larger improvements when adding LCNF in terms of modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and internal bonding (IB). To gain a better understanding on the interactions between CNF and UF, CNF was fully characterized in terms of morphology, chemical composition, charge density, as well as thermal and colloidal stability.

scholarly journals Toxoplasmosis serology: an efficient hemagglutination procedure to detect IgG and IgM antibodies

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.E. Camargo ◽  
Maria Emilia G. Moura ◽  
P.G. Leser
Keyword(s):  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serum Dilution ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Igm Antibodies ◽  
Diagnostic Capability ◽  
Acute Toxoplasmosis

In search of an efficient but simple, low cost procedure for the serodiagnosis of Toxoplasmosis, especially suited for routine laboratories facing technical and budget limitations as in less developed countries, the diagnostic capability of Hematoxo® , an hemagglutination test for toxoplasmosis, was evaluated in relation to a battery of tests including IgG- and IgM-immunofluorescence tests, hemagglutination and an IgM-capture enzymatic assay. Detecting a little as 5 I.U. of IgG antitoxoplasma antibodies, Hematoxo® showed a straight agreement as to reactivity and non-reactivity for the 443 non-reactive and the 387 reactive serum samples, included in this study. In 23 cases presenting a serological pattern of acute toxoplasmosis and showing IgM antibodies, Hematoxo® could detect IgM antibodies in 18, indicated by negativation or a significant decrease in titers as a result of treating samples with 2-mercapto-ethanol. However, a neat increase in sensitivity for IgM specific antibodies could be achieved by previously removing IgG from the sample, as demonstrated in a series of acute toxoplasmosis sera. A simple procedure was developed for this purpose, by reconstituting a lyophilized suspension of Protein A - rich Staphylococcus with the lowest serum dilution to be tested. Of low cost and easy to perform, Hematoxo® affords not only a practical qualitative procedure for screening reactors and non-reactors, as in prenatal services, but also quantitative assays that permit to titrate antibodies as well as to identify IgM antibodies.

scholarly journals A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF UTILIZING MOBILE-GIS TECHNOLOGY TO COLLECT ONLINE CRIME

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W18 ◽  
pp. 355-361
Author(s):  
H. Fadaei ◽  
M. Bayazidi
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Mobile Gis ◽  
Gis Technologies ◽  
Gis Applications ◽  
Crime Detection ◽  
And Control

Abstract. Mobile-Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the dimensions of these enhancements, which, due to its flexibility, its simplicity with traditional GIS systems, the need for less expertise and low cost, has brought this technology into a variety of areas. Mobile technologies using mobile devices is proving to be a more effective implementation for crime detection and monitoring. Mobile-GIS are operating within a wider range of GIS technologies, wireless technologies, and global positioning technology. The ability to use this system to report crime and control crime in cities has led different countries to use this system for easier and less costly reporting of citizens, and many developed countries use Mobile-GIS technology to do this. And they use this technology depending on their needs. In this research, Mobile-GIS applications in the five developed countries of the world are being studied and their disadvantages and advantages are discussed, and finally, regarding to society safety the possibilities and necessity of police department to develop such programs are discussed. In this study, we are proposing a crime reporting and management model using GIS technologies and review the all possibility and limitation to implementation are confronted in order to mitigate the challenges are faced by most developing countries in reducing the crime rates. A conceptual plan for constructing such a program in the police department has been proposed, which is suggested by using systems like Real-time kinematic (RTK) to improve the user's location to increase accuracy.

scholarly journals A modular protein subunit vaccine candidate produced in yeast confers protection against SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil C Dalvie ◽  
Lisa H Tostanoski ◽  
Sergio A Rodriguez-Aponte ◽  
Kawaljit Kaur ◽  
Sakshi Bajoria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Subunit Vaccine ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Protein Subunit ◽  
Middle Income

Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been distributed at massive scale in developed countries, and have been effective at preventing COVID-19. Access to vaccines is limited, however, in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to insufficient supply, high costs, and cold storage requirements. New vaccines that can be produced in existing manufacturing facilities in LMICs, can be manufactured at low cost, and use widely available, proven, safe adjuvants like alum, would improve global immunity against SARS-CoV-2. One such protein subunit vaccine is produced by the Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. and is currently in clinical testing. Two protein components, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) and hepatitis B surface antigen virus-like particles (VLPs), are each produced in yeast, which would enable a low-cost, high-volume manufacturing process. Here, we describe the design and preclinical testing of the RBD-VLP vaccine in cynomolgus macaques. We observed titers of neutralizing antibodies (>104) above the range of protection for other licensed vaccines in non-human primates. Interestingly, addition of a second adjuvant (CpG1018) appeared to improve the cellular response while reducing the humoral response. We challenged animals with SARS-CoV-2, and observed a ~3.4 and ~2.9 log10 reduction in median viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal mucosa, respectively, compared to sham controls. These results inform the design and formulation of current clinical COVID-19 vaccine candidates like the one described here, and future designs of RBD-based vaccines against variants of SARS-CoV-2 or other betacoronaviruses.

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