scholarly journals Classical and Modern Remote Mapping Methods for Vegetation Cover

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Algimantas Česnulevičius ◽  
Artūras Bautrėnas ◽  
Linas Bevainis ◽  
Donatas Ovodas
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Color Analysis ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Color Spectrum ◽  
Mapping Techniques ◽  
Exact Size ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Remote Mapping

Plant classification is quite complex and multilevel. All living organisms are divided into domains, kingdoms, types, classes, ranks, families, tribes, and species. This classification complexity is also reflected in the classification of biogeographic maps, which is much simpler. Based on floristic dependence, vegetation is grouped by connecting it into spatial (territorial) complexes. This paper presents the interfaces of mapping methods with taxonomic vegetation types at different hierarchical levels. At the same time, examples of vegetation mapping techniques from national and thematic atlases of different countries are presented in this article. UAV aerial photographs are widely used for local mapping of vegetation areas. The authors of this article propose a new methodology that can be used to assess the ecological condition of young trees and the volume of mature forest wood. The methodology is based on the separation of tree crown areas in UAV aerial photographs and photo color analysis. For automated area calculation of young trees, a PixRGB software has been developed to determine the area of pixels of the same color in aerial photographs. The software is based on the comparison of young tree crown area calculations in AutoCAD software and area measurements of individual color spectrum pixels. In the initial stage, aerial photographs are transformed to the exact size of the photographed area. Transformations were performed with an error of less than 2–3 cm. The transformation of the spectrum of aerial photographs allowed to concentrate the color of the image of young trees in a relatively narrow color range. Studies performed in 2019–2020 to assess the ecological condition of trees and the amount of wood using UAV INSPIRE 1 and PixRGB color analysis software showed the effectiveness of the applied methodology.

scholarly journals Is Posidonia oceanica regression a general feature in the Mediterranean Sea?

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. BONACORSI ◽  
C. PERGENT-MARTINI ◽  
N. BREAND ◽  
G. PERGENT
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Posidonia Oceanica ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Human Pressure ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Mapping Techniques ◽  
Significant Regression ◽  
Ancient Maps

Over the last few years, a widespread regression of Posidonia oceanica meadows has been noticed in the Mediterranean Sea. However, the magnitude of this decline is still debated. The objectives of this study are (i) to assess the spatio-temporal evolution of Posidonia oceanica around Cap Corse (Corsica) over time comparing available ancient maps (from 1960) with a new (2011) detailed map realized combining different techniques (aerial photographs, SSS, ROV, scuba diving); (ii) evaluate the reliability of ancient maps; (iii) discuss observed regression of the meadows in relation to human pressure along the 110 km of coast. Thus, the comparison with previous data shows that, apart from sites clearly identified with the actual evolution, there is a relative stability of the surfaces occupied by the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. The recorded differences seem more related to changes in mapping techniques. These results confirm that in areas characterized by a moderate anthropogenic impact, the Posidonia oceanica meadow has no significant regression and that the changes due to the evolution of mapping techniques are not negligible. However, others facts should be taken into account before extrapolating to the Mediterranean Sea (e.g. actually mapped surfaces) and assessing the amplitude of the actual regression.

scholarly journals The use of Sentinel-2 MSI data in small island's nearshore benthic habitat mapping

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Afif Fauzan
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Management ◽  
Satellite Remote Sensing ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Habitat Mapping ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Benthic Habitat ◽  
Marine Habitat ◽  
Mapping Techniques ◽  
Management And Conservation ◽  
Sentinel 2

Maps of nearshore marine habitat are vital for coastal management and conservation. While traditional field mapping techniques are still commonly used, airborne and satellite remote sensing have proven to be efficient alternatives for creating benthic habitat maps. This paper evaluates the capability of new satellite data, Sentinel-2 MSI, to map nearshore benthic habitat of Derawan Island. Available aerial photographs were used as reference data. The results show that Sentinel-2 MSI data can be used to map benthic habitat with accuracy up to 75%.

scholarly journals Hazards from lava–river interactions during the 1783–1784 Laki fissure eruption

2020 ◽  
Vol 132 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 2651-2668
Author(s):  
Frances Boreham ◽  
Katharine Cashman ◽  
Alison Rust
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Lava Flow ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fissure Eruption ◽  
Lava Flows ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Geological Evidence ◽  
Digital Terrain ◽  
Remote Mapping

Abstract Interactions between lava flows and surface water are not always considered in hazard assessments, despite abundant historical and geological evidence that they can create significant secondary hazards (e.g., floods and steam explosions). We combine contemporary accounts of the 1783–1784 Laki fissure eruption in southern Iceland with morphological analysis of the geological deposits to reconstruct the lava–water interactions and assess their impact on residents. We find that lava disrupted the local river systems, impounded water that flooded farms and impeded travel, and drove steam explosions that created at least 2979 rootless cones on the lava flow. Using aerial photographs and satellite-derived digital terrain models, we mapped and measured 12 of the 15 rootless cone groups on the Laki lava field. We have identified one new rootless cone group and provide data that suggest another cone group previously attributed to the 939–940 CE Eldgjá eruption was created by the Laki eruption. We then use contemporary accounts to estimate formation dates and environments for each cone group, which formed in wetland/lake areas, on riverbeds, and near areas of impounded water. Furthermore, comparison with previous field studies shows that assessments using remote sensing can be used to identify and map meter-scale and larger features on a lava flow, although remote mapping lacks the detail of field observations. Our findings highlight the different ways in which lava can interact with surface water, threatening people, property, water supplies, and infrastructure. For these reasons, anticipation of such interactions is important in lava flow hazard assessment in regions with abundant surface water; we further demonstrate that remote sensing can be an effective tool for identifying lava–water interactions in past lava flows.

scholarly journals Impact of Stress on Human Body: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahid Zafar ◽  
Museera Nauman ◽  
Hina Nauman ◽  
Sheema Nauman ◽  
Asifa Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
As Stress

Every inherent or external incentive which involves natural reactions, is recognized as stress. Extenuatory reaction to these pressures is known as stress reactions. Stress contributes to broad variety of diseases including hypertension and superior plasma cortisol, cardiac and CVDs, inflammatory bowel syndromes, type 2 diabetes, and a reduced quality of life among those suffering with cancer. Stress happens in 3 stages. The first stage is an initial stage of alarm, which produces an increase of adrenaline. Living organisms can withstand intense stress and stay alive. Second phase is a brief conflict process that the body puts up to handle the problem. Last phase is the tiredness phase, which arises when the body has utilized every part of its accessible assets. Stress affects the different organs of the whole body. As far as chronic stress is concerned, it stimulates infection in the vasculature, particularly in the coronary arteries, also can alter cholesterol levels and excessive activation of sympathetic nervous system (depletes the system of neurotransmitters, peptides, cofactors, and other mediators). Regarding, endocrine stress, it affects the hypothalamus in brain. The stress condition in n individuals experiencing pressure needs a healthy and regular eating including important supplements, moreover, physical exercise and mind rest are regularly suggested for averting stress induced anxiety-linked objections and disease.

scholarly journals Assessing tree crown volume—a review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zihui Zhu ◽  
Christoph Kleinn ◽  
Nils Nölke
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Pollution Reduction ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Geometric Solids ◽  
Environmental Functions

Abstract Tree crown volume is a fundamental tree characteristic. It correlates to forest biomass production and most relevant ecosystem and environmental functions, such as carbon sequestration and air pollution reduction. When researching these relationships, it is necessary to clearly define and then quantify tree crown variables in a both accurate and operational manner. In this paper, we review the reported literature on the assessment of tree crown volume. First, we compile the varying definitions of crown volume and other tree crown variables that may be used as inputs to quantify crown volume. Then, we examine the data sources for quantifying these variables, including field measurements, terrestrial photographs, aerial photographs and laser scanning. Furthermore, we compare the published approaches on translating these crown variable measurements into tree crown volume. These approaches include the approximation of simple geometric solids, approaches of computational geometry and voxelization. We also compare the reported accuracies and major challenges of these approaches. From this literature review, the reader may craft a suitable approach for the assessment of crown volume.

Grazing Values as Related to Tree-Crown Covers

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. H. Dodd ◽  
A. McLean ◽  
V. C. Brink
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Crown Cover ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Short Time

Studies were undertaken to determine if approximations of herbage productivity could be made from estimates of tree-crown cover, also whether or not estimates from aerial photographs would be accurate enough for this purpose. Results suggest that there is a sufficiently close relationship between herbage production and crown cover in coniferous stands to make the technique useful in range surveys. Estimation of herbage yields from the ground is too slow to be useful in surveys where large acreages have to be covered in a very short time. Similar results were obtained from ground estimates of crown canopy and those made from aerial photographs. Estimates of herbage yields on a pasture made as a result of the survey were almost identical to those established from an earlier grazing trial.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF THE LEVEL OF WATER MINERALIZATION ON THE CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS IN MUSHROOMS

2020 ◽  
pp. 229-242
Author(s):  
Oksana Vradiy
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Human Impact ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Right

The current ecological condition of forest plantations has been characterized by high anthropogenic load as a result of population activity. The consequences of the human impact have been manifested in the disturbance of natural landscapes, air pollution, hydrosphere, destruction of the lithosphere, uncontrolled depletion of forest resources, resulting in a decrease and extinction of a huge number of species of animals and plants. In the result of various industries’ work chemical compounds have been formed, which have been transformed into the biosphere and enter all living organisms. Therefore, there are serious problems in the relationship between nature and man. The human impact on the environment is extremely powerful and it is obvious that the biosphere as a result of this impact loses the ability to self-regulate and it does not allow it to function properly. One of the current environmental problems that threatens plants, animals and human health and the quality of the environment is heavy metal pollution. These substances gradually enter plants, animals and humans through the air, water and food chain over a period of time [4]. Toxicity of metals has a direct effect on flora, which is an integral part of ecosystems. These effects lead to changes in the biochemical, physiological and metabolic processes that take place in plants that grow directly in areas with high levels of heavy metals. Samples of edible forest mushrooms were taken on the territory of forests of Tyvriv, Vinnytsia and Kalyniv districts in the Forest-Steppe of the Right Bank of Ukraine. Studies of the concentration of heavy metals were performed in the research and measurement agrochemical laboratory of the Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agronomy and Forestry on the basis of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd of the studied fungi were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after dry mineralization. Studies of the effect of cooking on the concentration of heavy metals in mushrooms were carried out according to the following scheme: 1. control option: mushrooms, cleaned and washed with tap water; 2. option 1: mushrooms soaked for 3 hours in water without mineral residue; 3. mushrooms soaked for 3 hours in water without mineral residue with the addition of salt (1 kg of mushrooms – 1 liter of water and 10 g of salt). The effect of soaking mushrooms in water without mineral residue with the addition of salt was studied. It was found that when soaking mushrooms for 3 hours in water without mineral residue, the concentration of zinc in them decreased: from 1.02 to 1.37 times; copper - from 1.14 to 1.5 times; lead - from 1.09 to 1.13 times; cadmium - from 1.3 to 1.5 times. When soaking mushrooms for 3 hours in water without mineral residue with the addition of salt, the concentration of zinc in them decreased: from 1.23 to 1.28 times; copper - from 1.2 to 1.36 times; lead - from 1.31 to 1.38 times; cadmium - from 1.41 to 1.6 times.

scholarly journals Comparison of Accuracy Aerial Photography UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and GNSS (Global Navigation Satelitte System) for Mapping of Lambarih Village, Aceh Besar, Aceh

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 78-83
Author(s):  
Marwan A Bakar ◽  
Freddy Sapta Wirandha ◽  
Nizzamuddin Nizzamuddin ◽  
Febrian Fitryanik Susanta
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Observation Point ◽  
Static Method ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Global Navigation ◽  
Gnss Data

UAV (Unmaned Aerial Vehicle) atau yang biasa disebut drone saat ini telah banyak digunakan untuk pemetaan wilayah di Indonesia. Salah satu metode penentuan posisi satelit GNSS (Global Navigation Satelitte System) yaitu dengan metode statik. Penelitian ini mengkaji perbadingan ketelitian foto udara UAV dan foto udara UAV yang telah diikatkan dengan GNSS. Tahapan awal dalam penelitian ini adalah dilakukan pengambilan foto udara UAV wilayah Gampong Lambarih, kemudian dilakukan pengambilan data GNSS di lapangan sebanyak 4 titik di kawasan Gampong Lambarih, Aceh Besar dengan menggunakan titik kontrol atau titik ikat stasiun CBDA dengan doy 040 di Jantho. Tiap titik pengamatan dilakukan selama 30 menit dengan interval waktu pengukuran 1 detik. Pengolahan data UAV menggunakan aplikasi Agisoft dan pengolahan data GNSS menggunakan aplikasi HiTarget Geomatic Office (HGO) dan Website BIG. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan foto udara UAV yang diikat dengan GNSS memiliki ketelitian yang lebih tinggi yaitu mecapai ketelitian orde mm. UAV (Unmaned Aerial Vehicle) or what is commonly called a drone is currently widely used for regional mapping in Indonesia. One method of determining the position of the GNSS (Global Navigation Satelitte System) satellite is the static method. This study examines the comparison of the accuracy of UAV aerial photographs and UAV aerial photographs that have been tied to GNSS. The initial stage in this research was to take aerial photographs of the UAV of the Lambarih Village area. Then the GNSS data collection was carried out in the field as many as 4 points in the Gampong Lambarih area, Aceh Besar using the control point or tie point of the CBDA station with doy 040 in Jantho. Each observation point was carried out for 30 minutes with a measurement time interval of 1 second. UAV data processing uses the Agisoft application and GNSS data processing using the HiTarget Geomatic Office (HGO) application and the BIG Website. The results showed that aerial photographs of UAVs bound with GNSS had a higher accuracy reaching in order of mm. Keywords: GNSS, UAV, Statik, BIG, HGO

scholarly journals Assessment of the ecological state of the pond on the phytoplankton indicators (for example, Kuchane Lake, Pskov Region)

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Tatiana Victorovna Drozdenko ◽  
Anastasiya Andreevna Kurka
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Ecological State ◽  
Aquatic Communities ◽  
Pskov Region ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Main Components

Aquatic ecosystems are in balance with the external environment factors and have a complex system of biological connections, disturbed under the influence of anthropogenic factors. First of all, the influence of anthropogenic factors affect the taxonomic composition of aquatic communities. Assessment of the degree of water pollution on the composition of living organisms to quickly establish its ecological condition. In summer 2016 the first time studied the planktonic algae Kuchane Lake located in Pushkinogorsky district of the Pskov Region on the territory of the Museum-Reserve of A.S. Pushkin Mikhailovskoye. Phytoplankton is one of the main components of the aquatic ecosystem, quickly responding to any changes in the environmental conditions, and its structural characteristics are the important elements in evaluating the ecological state of the pond. The article discusses the use of phytoplankton to assess the water quality of Kuchane Lake. Showed taxonomic composition of phytoplankton of the lake in the summer. Algae is characterized by relatively high species diversity. One hundred twenty six species taxa of phytoplankton belonging to 8 phylums were identified during the research: Chlorophyta (45), Bacillariophyta (38), Euglenohyta (15), Cyanophyta/ Cyanoprocaryota (9), Dinophyta (7), Chrysohyta (6), Сryptophyta (5), Xanthophyta (1). The basis of phytoplankton up green and diatoms. Investigated ecological and geographical analysis of phytoplankton and saprobiological analysis of the quality of the lake water.

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