Grazing Values as Related to Tree-Crown Covers

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. H. Dodd ◽  
A. McLean ◽  
V. C. Brink
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Crown Cover ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Short Time

Studies were undertaken to determine if approximations of herbage productivity could be made from estimates of tree-crown cover, also whether or not estimates from aerial photographs would be accurate enough for this purpose. Results suggest that there is a sufficiently close relationship between herbage production and crown cover in coniferous stands to make the technique useful in range surveys. Estimation of herbage yields from the ground is too slow to be useful in surveys where large acreages have to be covered in a very short time. Similar results were obtained from ground estimates of crown canopy and those made from aerial photographs. Estimates of herbage yields on a pasture made as a result of the survey were almost identical to those established from an earlier grazing trial.

scholarly journals AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC WATERLINE SURVEY OF AN ESTUARY

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (14) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
J. SIndern ◽  
G.E. Schroder
Keyword(s):  
Tide Gauge ◽  
High Water ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
Tide Gauge Records ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Accurate Analysis ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Reference Markers

The project of a "barrage across an estuary in Northern Germany was accompanied by a programme to monitor the hydrologic and morphologic situation. This became necessary in order to avoid dangers resulting from the sensitivity of the shallow wadden area to human interference. Various methods to record the morphology were tested. The aerial photographic waterline survey proved superior as it supplies a complete and economic record and allows accurate analysis of the topography. The principle consists in taking aerial photographs at short time intervals between low water and high water, each photo showing a different waterline. The scale chosen was 1:18000, corresponding to a flight altitude of 2700 metres. Rectification of the distorted photos requires reference markers to be distributed over the survey area which measures about 140 km^. By using simultaneous tide gauge records, contour lines can be constructed from the photographed waterlines. This morphologic record is supplemented by submarine survey of the estuary. It is expected that details of sediment transport and of tidal prism changes may be revealed. Predicted and actual effects of the barrage will be compared, which might lead to a better understanding of such coasts.

scholarly journals Role of different types of protective forest stands in fodder productivity of rangeland in the Western Caspian region

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-399
Author(s):  
Ludmila P. Rybashlykova ◽  
Svetlana N. Sivceva ◽  
Tatyana F. Mahovikova
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Crown Cover ◽  
Different Types

Forest pastures with different tree crown cover were studied. The seasonal dynamics of the yield and nutritional value of grass and twig-leaf fodder of forest pasture was studied. The unsystematic use of pastures in arid territories has increased the process of degradation and has become one of the factors of depletion of their natural vegetation. The use of forest reclamation in the 70s and 90s on sandy lands and pastures in the Western Caspian region made it possible to create significant areas of forest pasture land with strip and massive stands of Ulmus pumila L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L. Different types of tree stands created on pastures not only improve the microclimate and form a comfortable environment for grazing animals, but also are an additional source of valuable twig feed. The aim of the research was to study forage productivity of forest pastures with different types of plantings on the sands of the Western Caspian region. The objects of the research were forest pastures with different species composition and tree crown cover. Studies on the forage productivity of forest-reclaimed pastures were conducted in 2018-2020 on the basis of the North Caucasus branch of Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology, Complex Melioration and Protective Af-forestation of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The research was based on field experiments and laboratory analyses. According to the results of the study, forest-reclaimed pastures with unsystematic grazing had 1.52-fold increase in productivity compared to natural ones. The largest amount of twig-leaf feed was formed in broad-band Robinia stands in summer-autumn period. The total gross stock of natural pastures of the Western Caspian region did not exceed 0.30.4 t/ha of dry weight, the consumed stock was 0.20.3 t/ha. With the help of strip and massive plantings on degraded pasture lands, it is possible to increase significantly their productivity and quality with the achievement of 7 MJ of exchange energy and 0.260.29 feed units in 1 kg of elm and robinia twig-leaf feed during droughts.

scholarly journals Herstellung von Luftbildkarten in der Provinz Ta'izz (Arabische Republik Jemen)

1976 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
H. Steffen
Keyword(s):  
Field Survey ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
Triangulation Network ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Yemen Arab Republic

Abstract. This article deals with a simple method to produce photomaps of as yet unsurveyed areas. Since a triangulation network or a topographic inventory of the areas to be mapped did not exist, it was considered most suitable to produce some kind of «preliminary maps»: Maps of medium accuracy but high content of information which could be produced within a short time with modest technical means and at low cost. The following procedure was found to be most suitable for that purpose. A network of control points is established by means of the slotted templet method. Aerial photographs,dodged by the Log Etronic procedure, are assembled to semicontrolled mosaics. Grestlines, plateau edges and Symbols for mountain peaks, passes etc. as well as spot heights, roads, tracks, wells, market places and names of Settlements, districts and surface features are introduced into the photomosaics by means of transparent overlays. This latter Information was collected during a three months' field survey in the Yemen Arab Republic.

scholarly journals Ice-Flow and Thickness Measurements in the Sør-Rondane, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (43) ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
T. Van Autenboer ◽  
K. V. Blaiklock
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Surface Velocity ◽  
Ice Thickness ◽  
Gravity Station ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Dronning Maud Land ◽  
Subglacial Topography ◽  
Glacier Flow ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Thickness Measurements

AbstractVelocity and ice-thickness profiles were measured un the western glaciers of the Sør-Rondane during the Expéditions Antarctiques Belges of 1959 and 1960 Some of the stations were re-occupied for velocity measurements during the Expédition Antarctique Belgo-Néerlandaise, Campagne d’Été 1964–65.The profiles, with stations at 1 mile. (1.6 km.) intervals, were generally east-west and at right-angles to the direction of flow of the plateau outlet glaciers. The movement was measured by resection of each station from the main triangulation points over periods ranging from 256 to 1,501 days. Double ties with a Worden geodetic-type gravity meter were measured between the stations. An additional gravity station was occupied on rock at each end of the profile. The ice thickness and the subglacial topography are calculated from the gravity profiles. Combined with the surface velocity, they allow an estimate of the discharge of the glacier. The results indicate a close relationship between the glacier flow and the supply from the Antarctic Ice Sheet, as demonstrated by a study of the aerial photographs.

Geo-forestry of Landslide-affected Areas in a Part of Central Himalaya

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K. Tiwari ◽  
J.S. Mehta ◽  
O.P. Goel ◽  
J.S. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Central Himalaya ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Pinus Roxburghii ◽  
Shorea Robusta ◽  
Crown Cover ◽  
Chir Pine

Black-and-white aerial photographs were used to map the lithology, land-use/forest types, and landslide zones (namely old, active, or potential) in a part of Central Himalaya. The landslide and land-use/forest type maps were simultaneously studied, and the frequency distribution of the landslide zones in different land-uses and forest types was estimated. The correlation between the maps indicated the following: In old landslide-affected sites, agriculture was the predominant land-use, followed by Pinus roxburghii forest (≤ 40% crown cover), scrub vegetation, and wasteland (including grassland). The presence of other forests (e.g. forests dominated by climax species such as Shorea robusta at low elevations and Quercus spp. at higher elevations) indicates a high potentiality of recovery of the ecosystems involved, provided biotic (especially anthropic) factors are not too intensive.The active and potential landslide zones were concentrated along geologically active planes, namely thrusts and faults, and/or in the vicinity of toe-erosion of hill-slopes. These two were dominated by P.roxburghii forest (≤ 40% crown cover). The broadleaf forests showed minimal signs of active and potential landslides, perhaps because of their multistratal character which is conducive to minimizing soil-loss compared with the mostly single-storeyed Chir Pine forest. It is, therefore, suggested that the sites should be maintained under a multistratal broadleaf canopy to conserve the soil. Where, however, the Chir Pine forest is already developed, appropriate silvicultural measures may be taken to increase its crown cover to more than 40%.

scholarly journals The effect of crown pruning and induction of Acremonium sp. on agarwood formation in Gyrinops caudata in West Papua, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amilda Auri ◽  
ENY FARIDAH ◽  
SUMARDI SUMARDI ◽  
SURYO HARDIWINOTO
Keyword(s):  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Stem Infection ◽  
Crown Cover ◽  
West Papua ◽  
Fungi Infection ◽  
Agarwood Resin ◽  
Infection Spread

Abstract. Auri A, Faridah E, Sumardi, Hardiwinoto S. 2021. The effect of crown pruning and induction of Acremonium sp. on agarwood formation in Gyrinops caudata in West Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2604-2611. Agarwood-producing trees have been planted by the community, but have currently not produced agarwood resin. This research examines the crown pruning effect and fungi inoculation effectivity on the formation of agarwood resin in Gyrinops caudata. The environmental modification was also ascertained based on the real environmental situation in natural forests. Furthermore, it was assumed that environmental conditions significantly influenced the growth, G. caudata tree association, and fungi infection. This method involved the tree crown cover modification. Tree crown was categorized into three different classes, i.e. dense crown (no pruning); moderate (pruning 25%), and sparse (pruning 50%). The results showed that inoculating fungi of Acremonium sp. to infection coverage area after three months produced the best results, due to Fcount 79.671. However, crown prunings obtained through heavy, moderate and non-pruning did not show any effect on stem infection spread. In the sixth month, it was observed that the fungi inoculation factor of Acremonium sp. had a significant effect on infection spread formation by Fcount of 168.894. The change in wood internal tissue also had a highly significant effect as depicted by Fcount 461.516. The fragrance level treatment also showed a considerable effect with Fcount 290.385.

scholarly journals Sample-Based Estimation of Tree Cover Change in Haiti Using Aerial Photography: Substantial Increase in Tree Cover between 2002 and 2010

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1243
Author(s):  
Gabriela Rodrigues-Eklund ◽  
Matthew C. Hansen ◽  
Alexandra Tyukavina ◽  
Stephen V. Stehman ◽  
Klaus Hubacek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Crown Cover ◽  
High Resolution Imagery ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
First Time

Recent studies have used high resolution imagery to estimate tree cover and changes in natural forest cover in Haiti. However, there is still no rigorous quantification of tree cover change accounting for planted or managed trees, which are very important in Haiti’s farming systems. We estimated net tree cover change, gross loss, and gross gain in Haiti between 2002 and 2010 from a stratified random sample of 400 pixels with a systematic sub-sample of 25 points. Using 30 cm and 1 m resolution images, we classified land cover at each point, with any point touching a woody plant higher than 5 m classified as tree crown. We found a net increase in tree crown cover equivalent to 5.0 ± 2.3% (95% confidence interval) of Haiti’s land area. Gross gains and losses amounted to 9.0 ± 2.1% and 4.0 ± 1.3% of the territory, respectively. These results challenge, for the first time with empirical evidence, the predominant narrative that portrays Haiti as experiencing ongoing forest or tree cover loss. The net gain in tree cover quantified here represents a 35% increase from 2002 to 2010. Further research is needed to determine the drivers of this substantial net gain in tree cover at the national scale.

scholarly journals Assessing tree crown volume—a review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zihui Zhu ◽  
Christoph Kleinn ◽  
Nils Nölke
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Pollution Reduction ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Geometric Solids ◽  
Environmental Functions

Abstract Tree crown volume is a fundamental tree characteristic. It correlates to forest biomass production and most relevant ecosystem and environmental functions, such as carbon sequestration and air pollution reduction. When researching these relationships, it is necessary to clearly define and then quantify tree crown variables in a both accurate and operational manner. In this paper, we review the reported literature on the assessment of tree crown volume. First, we compile the varying definitions of crown volume and other tree crown variables that may be used as inputs to quantify crown volume. Then, we examine the data sources for quantifying these variables, including field measurements, terrestrial photographs, aerial photographs and laser scanning. Furthermore, we compare the published approaches on translating these crown variable measurements into tree crown volume. These approaches include the approximation of simple geometric solids, approaches of computational geometry and voxelization. We also compare the reported accuracies and major challenges of these approaches. From this literature review, the reader may craft a suitable approach for the assessment of crown volume.

scholarly journals MUHAMMADIYAH URBAN: AKSELERASI GERAKAN MUHAMMADIYAH GRESIK KOTA BARU

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
Ahmad Nurefendi Fradana
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Rapid Progress ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Religiously Based ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Short Time

This paper reveals the phenomenon that occurred in Muhammadiyah Gresik Kota Baru which, where there is a close relationship between Muhammadiyah and the middle class as the backbone of its movement. It is suspected that an accelerating move occurred in a relatively short time, Muhammadiyah Gresik Kota Baru increased rapid progress. One of the dynamics of Indonesian society that is considered important to be observed is the existence of a slow but sure shift to the sociological conditions and the religiosity of the community. Then created a group of people who came to be called the middle class. This middle class is knowledgeable, highly educated, well-established and open-minded. The next stage, they are determined as: Urban society. Since its inception, Muhammadiyah as a religiously based community organization has ties for the whole community. Muhammadiyah always undertakes multi-step revitalization of its dakwah. These efforts have so far been carried out regularly and regularly and touches almost all layers of society as objects (and subjects) of their missionary movements. This group of people is no exception: Urban society.

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