scholarly journals Circadian Clock, Sleep, and Diet

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junichiro Irie
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Biological Clocks ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Peripheral Clocks ◽  
Central Clock ◽  
The Impact

Circadian rhythm is a fundamental process of sustaining metabolic homeostasis by predicting changes in the environment. This is driven by biological clocks, which operate within a 24-h period to orchestrate daily variation of metabolism and sleep. The central clock in the hypothalamus is the master keeper of the circadian rhythm and is primarily reset by light, while the feeding-fasting rhythm, that is, nutritional stimulus, entrains peripheral clocks in peripheral organs such as the intestine and liver. Nutritional stimuli are important modulators of peripheral circadian rhythms and may affect the central clock and sleep homeostasis through metabolic alterations. In this chapter, I will summarize the significance of circadian rhythm and sleep in metabolic regulation as well as discuss the impact that diet has on circadian rhythm and sleep.

scholarly journals Chronodisruption: A Poorly Recognized Feature of CKD

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sol Carriazo ◽  
Adrián M Ramos ◽  
Ana B Sanz ◽  
Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño ◽  
Mehmet Kanbay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Biological Rhythms ◽  
Molecular Clocks ◽  
Ckd Progression ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Peripheral Clocks ◽  
Central Clock ◽  
The Impact

Multiple physiological variables change over time in a predictable and repetitive manner, guided by molecular clocks that respond to external and internal clues and are coordinated by a central clock. The kidney is the site of one of the most active peripheral clocks. Biological rhythms, of which the best known are circadian rhythms, are required for normal physiology of the kidneys and other organs. Chronodisruption refers to the chronic disruption of circadian rhythms leading to disease. While there is evidence that circadian rhythms may be altered in kidney disease and that altered circadian rhythms may accelerate chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, there is no comprehensive review on chronodisruption and chronodisruptors in CKD and its manifestations. Indeed, the term chronodisruption has been rarely applied to CKD despite chronodisruptors being potential therapeutic targets in CKD patients. We now discuss evidence for chronodisruption in CKD and the impact of chronodisruption on CKD manifestations, identify potential chronodisruptors, some of them uremic toxins, and their therapeutic implications, and discuss current unanswered questions on this topic.

Circadian Rhythms and Homeostatic Mechanisms for Sleep Regulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-86
Author(s):  
Cassie J. Hilditch ◽  
Erin E. Flynn-Evans
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Homeostatic Mechanisms

This chapter examines circadian rhythms and homeostatic mechanisms for sleep regulation. It reviews the current evidence describing the two-process model of sleep regulation and how to assess disruption to either of these sleep drives. This chapter also reviews the role of the photic and non-photic resetting of the circadian rhythm and describes how some aspects of modern society can cause sleep and circadian disruption. Further, this chapter describes how misalignment between the circadian rhythm and sleep homeostasis, such as occurs during jet lag and shift-work, can lead to sleep disruption. The short- and long-term consequences of circadian misalignment are also reviewed.

scholarly journals Impact of nutrients on circadian rhythmicity

2015 ◽  
Vol 308 (5) ◽  
pp. R337-R350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanneke E. Oosterman ◽  
Andries Kalsbeek ◽  
Susanne E. la Fleur ◽  
Denise D. Belsham
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
The Body ◽  
Circadian Rhythmicity ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Peripheral Oscillators ◽  
Peripheral Clocks ◽  
Central Pacemaker ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the mammalian hypothalamus functions as an endogenous pacemaker that generates and maintains circadian rhythms throughout the body. Next to this central clock, peripheral oscillators exist in almost all mammalian tissues. Whereas the SCN is mainly entrained to the environment by light, peripheral clocks are entrained by various factors, of which feeding/fasting is the most important. Desynchronization between the central and peripheral clocks by, for instance, altered timing of food intake can lead to uncoupling of peripheral clocks from the central pacemaker and is, in humans, related to the development of metabolic disorders, including obesity and Type 2 diabetes. Diets high in fat or sugar have been shown to alter circadian clock function. This review discusses the recent findings concerning the influence of nutrients, in particular fatty acids and glucose, on behavioral and molecular circadian rhythms and will summarize critical studies describing putative mechanisms by which these nutrients are able to alter normal circadian rhythmicity, in the SCN, in non-SCN brain areas, as well as in peripheral organs. As the effects of fat and sugar on the clock could be through alterations in energy status, the role of specific nutrient sensors will be outlined, as well as the molecular studies linking these components to metabolism. Understanding the impact of specific macronutrients on the circadian clock will allow for guidance toward the composition and timing of meals optimal for physiological health, as well as putative therapeutic targets to regulate the molecular clock.

scholarly journals Changing the tone of clinical study design in the cannabis industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M Antony ◽  
Alison C. McDonald ◽  
Farshid Noorbakhsh ◽  
Najla Guthrie ◽  
Mal Evans
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Health And Wellness ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Peripheral Clocks ◽  
Neurological Processes

AbstractCannabis (also known as marijuana) is the most frequently used psychoactive substance globally. Cannabis exerts therapeutic functions for many indications and has vast potential as a health and wellness product. Advances in our understanding of the composition and pharmacological properties of cannabis have revealed interactions between cannabis, an individuals’ circadian rhythms and their endocannabinoid signaling. Exogenously administered cannabinoids can bidirectionally entrain central and peripheral clocks that comprise circadian rhythms, and malfunctions in the endocannabinoid system are reported to impact neurological processes. Therefore, it is necessary to account for the circadian rhythm when designing clinical trials examining the pharmacological properties of cannabis-based products for health and wellness to limit its potential confounding impact on results. Consideration of the entrainment capabilities of the endocannabinoid system is warranted when designing clinical trials.

scholarly journals Circadian Rhythm Variations and Nutrition in Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 08 (01) ◽  
pp. e60-e66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Gombert ◽  
Joaquín Carrasco-Luna ◽  
Gonzalo Pin-Arboledas ◽  
Pilar Codoñer-Franch
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Life Habits ◽  
Peripheral Clocks ◽  
Opposite Situation ◽  
Central Clock

AbstractCircadian rhythms are the changes in biological processes that occur on a daily basis. Among these processes are reactions involved in metabolic homeostasis. Circadian rhythms are structured by the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus via the control of melatonin expression. Circadian rhythms are also controlled by the peripheral clocks, which are intracellular mechanisms composed of the clock genes, whose expression follows a circadian pattern. Circadian rhythms are impacted by signals from the environment called zeitgebers, or time givers, which include light exposure, feeding schedule and composition, sleeping schedule and pattern, temperature, and physical exercise. When the signals from the environment are synchronized with the internal clocks, metabolism is optimized. The term chronodisruption is used to describe the opposite situation. The latest research has demonstrated that life habits coherent with the internal clocks should be adopted, especially during childhood, to prevent metabolic diseases. Nevertheless, a few studies have investigated this link in children, and key information remains unknown.

scholarly journals Amplitude of circadian rhythms becomes weaken in the north, but there is no cline in the period of rhythm in a beetle

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245115
Author(s):  
Masato S. Abe ◽  
Kentarou Matsumura ◽  
Taishi Yoshii ◽  
Takahisa Miyatake
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Biological Clocks ◽  
The North ◽  
Stored Product Pest ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Many species show rhythmicity in activity, from the timing of flowering in plants to that of foraging behavior in animals. The free-running periods and amplitude (sometimes called strength or power) of circadian rhythms are often used as indicators of biological clocks. Many reports have shown that these traits are highly geographically variable, and interestingly, they often show latitudinal or longitudinal clines. In many cases, the higher the latitude is, the longer the free-running circadian period (i.e., period of rhythm) in insects and plants. However, reports of positive correlations between latitude or longitude and circadian rhythm traits, including free-running periods, the power of the rhythm and locomotor activity, are limited to certain taxonomic groups. Therefore, we collected a cosmopolitan stored-product pest species, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, in various parts of Japan and examined its rhythm traits, including the power and period of the rhythm, which were calculated from locomotor activity. The analysis revealed that the power was significantly lower for beetles collected in northern areas than southern areas in Japan. However, it is worth noting that the period of circadian rhythm did not show any clines; specifically, it did not vary among the sampling sites, despite the very large sample size (n = 1585). We discuss why these cline trends were observed in T. castaneum.

scholarly journals Amplitude of circadian rhythms becomes weaker in the north, but there is no cline in the period of rhythm in a beetle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masato S. Abe ◽  
Kentarou Matsumura ◽  
Taishi Yoshii ◽  
Takahisa Miyatake
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Biological Clocks ◽  
The North ◽  
Stored Product Pest ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

AbstractMany species show rhythmicity in activity, from the timing of flowering in plants to that of foraging behaviour in animals. The free-running periods and amplitude (sometimes called strength or power) of circadian rhythms are often used as indicators of biological clocks. Many reports have shown that these traits highly geographically variable, and interestingly, they often show latitudinal or altitudinal clines. In many cases, the higher the latitude is, the longer the free-running circadian period (i.e., period of rhythm) in insects and plants. However, reports of positive correlations between latitude or longitude and circadian rhythm traits, including free-running periods, the power of the rhythm and locomotor activity, are limited to certain taxonomic groups. Therefore, we collected a cosmopolitan stored-product pest species, the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, in various parts of Japan and examined its rhythm traits, including the power of the rhythm and period of the rhythm, which were calculated from locomotor activity. The analysis revealed that power was significantly lower for beetles collected in northern areas compared with southern areas in Japan. However, it is worth noting that the period of circadian rhythm did not show any clines; specifically, it did not vary among the sampling sites, despite the very large sample size (n = 1585). We discuss why these cline trends were observed in T. castaneum.

scholarly journals INSOMNIA AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF MELATONIN IN MENOPAUSAL WOMEN

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
N. V. Semenova ◽  
I. M. Madaeva ◽  
L. I. Kolesnikova
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Melatonin Level ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
The One

The aim of the review is to analyze literature data about sleep homeostasis and the role of the one of circadian system key elements – melatonin – in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle in women in menopause. It was shown that the prevalence and structure of sleep disorders depends on the menopausal phase. It was revealed that the melatonin content in the body, determined in various biological media (blood, saliva, urine), depends on age, sex, race, and chronotype. It was shown that morning melatonin can be used as a biological marker for determining the chronotype. Most studies indicated a decrease in melatonin level with aging. Moreover, women have lower melatonin level than men. In case of insomnia, lower melatonin level was found, although the results of the studies are ambiguous. The shift in the peak of hormone secretion in the early morning hours was described in menopausal women. Also, the dependence of melatonin circadian rhythm on the menopausal phase was revealed, which determines different approaches to insomnia therapy. We revealed the association of melatonin secretion circadian rhythms with Clock 3111T/C gene polymorphism in Caucasian patients with insomnia, which allows considering 3111T allele as risky in the formation of melatonin circadian rhythm disturbances in these patients.

scholarly journals Time-restricted feeding regulates circadian rhythm of murine uterine clock

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Hosono ◽  
Masanori Ono ◽  
Takiko Daikoku ◽  
Michihiro Mieda ◽  
Satoshi Nomura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Active Period ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Breakfast Skipping ◽  
Group I

Abstract Background Skipping breakfast is associated with dysmenorrhea in young women. This suggests that the delay of food intake in the active phase impairs uterine functions by interfering with circadian rhythms. Objective To examine the relationship between the delay of feeding and uterine circadian rhythms, we investigated the effects of the first meal occasion in the active phase on the uterine clock. Methods Zeitgeber time (ZT) was defined as ZT 0 (8:45) with lights on and ZT 12 (20:45) with lights off. Young female mice (8 weeks of age) were divided into 3 groups: group I (ad-libitum feeding), group II (time-restricted feeding during ZT12–16, initial 4 hours of the active period), and group III (time-restricted feeding during ZT20–24, last 4 hours of the active period, a breakfast-skipping model). After two weeks of dietary restriction, mice in each group were sacrificed at 4-hour intervals and the expression profiles of uterine clock genes, Bmal1, Per1, Per2, and Cry1, were examined. Results qPCR and Western blot analyses demonstrated synchronized circadian clock gene expression within the uterus. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that Bmal1 protein expression was synchronized among the endometrium and myometrium. In groups I and II, mRNA expression of Bmal1 was elevated after ZT12 at the start of the active phase. In contrast, Bmal1 expression was elevated just after ZT20 in group III, showing that the uterine clock rhythm had shifted 8 hours backward. The changes in Bmal1 protein expression were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Conclusion This study is the first to indicate that time-restricted feeding regulates a circadian rhythm of the uterine clock that is synchronized throughout the uterine body. These findings suggest that the uterine clock system is a new candidate to explain the etiology of breakfast skipping-induced uterine dysfunction.

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