scholarly journals INSOMNIA AND CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF MELATONIN IN MENOPAUSAL WOMEN

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
N. V. Semenova ◽  
I. M. Madaeva ◽  
L. I. Kolesnikova
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Biological Marker ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Melatonin Level ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
The One

The aim of the review is to analyze literature data about sleep homeostasis and the role of the one of circadian system key elements – melatonin – in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle in women in menopause. It was shown that the prevalence and structure of sleep disorders depends on the menopausal phase. It was revealed that the melatonin content in the body, determined in various biological media (blood, saliva, urine), depends on age, sex, race, and chronotype. It was shown that morning melatonin can be used as a biological marker for determining the chronotype. Most studies indicated a decrease in melatonin level with aging. Moreover, women have lower melatonin level than men. In case of insomnia, lower melatonin level was found, although the results of the studies are ambiguous. The shift in the peak of hormone secretion in the early morning hours was described in menopausal women. Also, the dependence of melatonin circadian rhythm on the menopausal phase was revealed, which determines different approaches to insomnia therapy. We revealed the association of melatonin secretion circadian rhythms with Clock 3111T/C gene polymorphism in Caucasian patients with insomnia, which allows considering 3111T allele as risky in the formation of melatonin circadian rhythm disturbances in these patients.

Circadian Rhythms and Homeostatic Mechanisms for Sleep Regulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-86
Author(s):  
Cassie J. Hilditch ◽  
Erin E. Flynn-Evans
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Homeostatic Mechanisms

This chapter examines circadian rhythms and homeostatic mechanisms for sleep regulation. It reviews the current evidence describing the two-process model of sleep regulation and how to assess disruption to either of these sleep drives. This chapter also reviews the role of the photic and non-photic resetting of the circadian rhythm and describes how some aspects of modern society can cause sleep and circadian disruption. Further, this chapter describes how misalignment between the circadian rhythm and sleep homeostasis, such as occurs during jet lag and shift-work, can lead to sleep disruption. The short- and long-term consequences of circadian misalignment are also reviewed.

The mechanisms which affect the periodic cycle of Pacific Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae

1981 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Hawking ◽  
Tinousi Jennings ◽  
F. J. Louis ◽  
E. Tuira
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Rise

ABSTRACT1. Investigations were made of the effect of various procedures in raising or lowering the microfilaria count of Pacific type Wuchereria bancrofti in the peripheral blood.2. Raising the body temperature in the early morning was followed by a moderate fall in the counts. Breathing increased oxygen, or reduced oxygen (hypoxia) or increased carbon dioxide, or the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate produced no consistent and significant changes in the count. Ingestion of glucose (in one volunteer) was followed by a small rise in the count. Muscular exercise was followed by a fall in the count, which is interpreted as probably being a response to a lower concentration of oxygen in the venous blood returning to the lung.3. It has not been possible to identify the physiological components of the circadian rhythm of the human body which entrain the cycle of these microfilariae. Attempts to obtain evidence incriminating the stimuli described above have been unsuccessful.

Circadian rhythm of catecholamines, cortisol and prolactin is altered in patients with apallic syndrome in comparison with normal volunteers

1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Ratge ◽  
Ernst Knoll ◽  
Ulrich Diener ◽  
Alexander Hadjidimos ◽  
Hermann Wisser
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Apallic Syndrome ◽  
Controlled Processes ◽  
Episodic Nature

Abstract. Circadian rhythms of catecholamines, cortisol and prolactin were investigated in 4 healthy subjects and in 6 patients suffering from an apallic syndrome. The clinical picture of this syndrome is characterized by disturbed consciousness (coma vigile), suspension of the sleeping and waking rhythm, lack of emotional reactions and appearance of primitive motor patterns. With the exception of dopamine a pronounced circadian rhythm was found in the control group for all investigated parameters. Catecholamines and cortisol showed a good correlation in the temporal pattern of plasma concentrations and urinary excreted amounts. In all apallic patients the circadian rhythm of prolactin was abolished. Only in one patient a rhythm of catecholamines and in 2 patients a rhythm of cortisol was still detectable. The data may indicate that the episodic nature of hormone secretion was essentially unaffected by the apallic syndrome. These results are regarded as an indication that endogenous, centrally controlled processes participate in circadian rhythms.

Melatonin rhythm is not shifted by lights that suppress nocturnal melatonin in humans under entrainment

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (5) ◽  
pp. R1073-R1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hashimoto ◽  
K. Nakamura ◽  
S. Honma ◽  
H. Tokura ◽  
K. Honma
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Melatonin Level ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Melatonin Rhythm ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Effects of a single light exposure on the circadian rhythm in plasma melatonin were, examined in young males to obtain the threshold of light intensity for suppressing the nocturnal melatonin level on the one hand and to understand the relationship between the light-induced phase shift of melatonin rhythm and the melatonin suppression on the other hand. Eight subjects spent 3 days in an experimental living facility where light intensity was set below 200 lx and were exposed to light for 3 h in the early morning on the 2nd day. The same procedure was repeated five times in each subject with an interval of at least 3 wk, and one of five light intensities was tested in each trial. As a result, nocturnal melatonin level was not suppressed by light of 200 lx but significantly suppressed by light of intensity > or + 500 lx. On the other hand, the circadian melatonin rhythm was not shifted by any light intensity up to 10,000 lx. It is concluded that the threshold of light intensity for suppressing the melatonin level is located between 200 and 500 lx in young Japanese males, and the threshold for phase shifting the circadian melatonin rhythm was much greater than that for suppressing the nocturnal melatonin level in humans under entrained conditions.

Inhaled corticosteroid therapy reduces the early morning peak in cortisol and aldosterone

1998 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. WILSON ◽  
Erika J. SIMS ◽  
Allan D. STRUTHERS ◽  
Brian J. LIPWORTH
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Fluticasone Propionate ◽  
Corticosteroid Therapy ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroid ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Repeated Dosing

1.As mineralocorticoid and adrenocorticoid activity are both under the diurnal control of adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion, we aimed to evaluate whether the normal circadian rhythm of cortisol and aldosterone secretion was suppressed by inhaled corticosteroid therapy. 2.Ten normotensive patients with mild–moderate asthma, mean age 24.0 (S.D. 9.8) years and mean arterial pressure 90.7 (9.8) mmHg, were studied in a double-blind, randomized crossover design comparing placebo with fluticasone propionate, 1000 ;μg administered twice daily at 08:00 ;h and 20:00 ;h. After 5 days of repeated dosing at steady state, measurements were made of plasma cortisol and aldosterone at midnight and 08:00 ;h. 3.With placebo there was a significant (P< 0.05) difference between cortisol values at 08:00 ;h (588.6±83.8 ;nmol/l) and midnight (109.6±35.0 ;nmol/l), whereas after treatment with fluticasone propionate there was no significant difference between levels at 08:00 ;h (143.3±57.4 ;nmol/l) and midnight (64.3±22.3 ;nmol/l). For cortisol at 08:00 ;h there was also a significant (P< 0.05) difference between placebo and fluticasone propionate. The same pattern was observed for aldosterone. Plasma aldosterone levels at 08:00 ;h after treatment with placebo (129.6±30.9 ;nmol/l) were significantly different (P< 0.05) to those seen at midnight (40.4±6.2 ;nmol/l). After treatment with fluticasone propionate, there was no significant difference between levels at midnight (55.4±11.7 ;nmol/l) and 08:00 ;h (64.8±12.7 ;nmol/l). 4.These results show that inhaled corticosteroid therapy abolishes the circadian rhythm of aldosterone and cortisol secretion. This may have possible implications for patients taking inhaled corticosteroids in terms of the beneficial cardiac effects of suppressing early morning aldosterone.

scholarly journals Melatonin, Clock Genes, and Mammalian Reproduction: What Is the Link?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13240
Author(s):  
Amnon Brzezinski ◽  
Seema Rai ◽  
Adyasha Purohit ◽  
Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Molecular Clock ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Clocks ◽  
Biological Regulation

Physiological processes and behaviors in many mammals are rhythmic. Recently there has been increasing interest in the role of circadian rhythmicity in the control of reproductive function. The circadian rhythm of the pineal hormone melatonin plays a role in synchronizing the reproductive responses of animals to environmental light conditions. There is some evidence that melatonin may have a role in the biological regulation of circadian rhythms and reproduction in humans. Moreover, circadian rhythms and clock genes appear to be involved in optimal reproductive performance. These rhythms are controlled by an endogenous molecular clock within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus, which is entrained by the light/dark cycle. The SCN synchronizes multiple subsidiary oscillators (clock genes) existing in various tissues throughout the body. The basis for maintaining the circadian rhythm is a molecular clock consisting of transcriptional/translational feedback loops. Circadian rhythms and clock genes appear to be involved in optimal reproductive performance. This mini review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the interrelationships between melatonin and the endogenous molecular clocks and their involvement in reproductive physiology (e.g., ovulation) and pathophysiology (e.g., polycystic ovarian syndrome).

scholarly journals Disruption of Circadian Rhythms: A Crucial Factor in the Etiology of Infertility

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3943
Author(s):  
Francesca Sciarra ◽  
Edoardo Franceschini ◽  
Federica Campolo ◽  
Daniele Gianfrilli ◽  
Francesco Pallotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Sexual Hormones ◽  
Fine Tune

Infertility represents a growing health problem in industrialized countries. Thus, a greater understanding of the molecular networks involved in this disease could be critical for the development of new therapies. A recent finding revealed that circadian rhythmicity disruption is one of the main causes of poor reproductive outcome. The circadian clock system beats circadian rhythms and modulates several physiological functions such as the sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, heart rate, and hormones secretion, all of which enable the body to function in response to a 24 h cycle. This intricated machinery is driven by specific genes, called “clock genes” that fine-tune body homeostasis. Stress of modern lifestyle can determine changes in hormone secretion, favoring the onset of infertility-related conditions that might reflect disfunctions within the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Consequently, the loss of rhythmicity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei might affect pulsatile sexual hormones release. Herein, we provide an overview of the recent findings, in both animal models and humans, about how fertility is influenced by circadian rhythm. In addition, we explore the complex interaction among hormones, fertility and the circadian clock. A deeper analysis of these interactions might lead to novel insights that could ameliorate the therapeutic management of infertility and related disorders.

scholarly journals Chronopharmaceutical Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipin Gupta ◽  
Prashant Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Chronopharmaceutical drug delivery systems release drug at a rhythm that ideally matches the biological requirement of a given disease therapy or prevention. The sound knowledge of the biological processes and their functions utilized in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences is necessary for effective design and evaluation of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Circadian phase master the circadian clock of the body, the supra chiasmatic nucleus is known to regulate the endogenous circadian rhythms present inside the human body and the peak evidences of some diseases are reported as per circadian rhythm. The secretion of melatonin, a hormone, released by the pineal gland during darkness, help to reset the internal clock, which regulates the timing of different body functions. In certain diseases like asthma, airway resistance increases progressively in early morning, also release of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the morning causes rise in the blood pressure. In hypercholesterolemia, cholesterol synthesis is higher during the night time than day light; in diabetes mellitus blood sugar level is higher in the day time; myocardial insufficiency occurs early in the morning, and many others. The present review addresses the approaches to chronopharmaceuticals, identifies existing technologies, and study of recent chronopharmaceutical drug delivery systems for management of various chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension and various types of cancers according to the circadian rhythms of diseases in order to optimize therapeutic outcomes and reduce side effects. Recently chronopharmaceutical drug delivery systems are attaining huge importance in the field of pharmaceutical technology for product development because they are proved to reduce dosing frequency, toxicity and also they deliver the drug in particular disease as and when required considering the peak time of the disease, offering better patient compliance.

scholarly journals Bright Light Therapy’s Effect on Night Shift Health Care Workers Who Suffer from Light Induced Misalignment of Circadian Rhythms

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mackenzie Peed
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Night Shift ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Bright Light ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sleep Cycle

Modern-day society is based on a high pace lifestyle that people are constantly attempting to keep up with. The invention of the light completely changed society, allowing people to work outside of daylight hours. As countries become more and more industrialized, the need for 24/7 productivity becomes more and more common. From transportation to mining to medicine, individuals willing to work unconventional hours are necessary for the sustainability of the industry. This group of people, working outside “normal” work hours such as between 7 a.m. and 6 p.m. or shifts longer than eight hours, are known as shift workers. They make up about 26.5 million people in the employed population in the United States and about 100 million around the world (Moore-Ede & Platika, 2018). Shift work affects a person’s circadian rhythm, causing issues. “Circadian rhythm mainly controls the daily wake and sleep cycle and regulates physiological processes including hormone secretion, body temperature, feeding behavior, cell cycle progression, and drug, glucose, and xenobiotic metabolism” (Khan et al., 2018, p.2). This circadian rhythm is controlled by the circadian clock and is regulated through clock genes. Light exposure greatly influences circadian rhythms and specifically affects the release of the hormone melatonin which activates specific receptors MTI and MT2 that mediate sleep-promoting effects.

Entrainment by red light of running activity and ovulation rhythms of rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (5) ◽  
pp. R450-R453 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. McCormack ◽  
C. R. Sontag
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Secretion ◽  
Continuous Darkness ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Free Running

Controversy exists regarding whether or not the circadian rhythms of nocturnal rodents can be entrained by red light. Female albino rats that were free-running in continuous darkness (DD) were exposed to 2 h of red light (> 650 nm) near the beginning (dusk signals) or the end (dawn signals) of their active 12-h period of running. Red dawn signals advanced and red dusk signals delayed the onset of running on subsequent days. Because the altered onsets of running persisted in DD, the red light had produced a true entrainment of the circadian rhythm of running activity. The fact that the time of ovulation was similarly shifted by red light suggests that the circadian rhythm of luteinizing hormone secretion was also entrained by red light.

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