scholarly journals The occurrence of, and economic losses caused by Armillaria in the Western Carpathian Mts

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kaliszewski ◽  
Paweł Lech ◽  
Tomasz Oszako
Keyword(s):  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Site Type ◽  
Stand Productivity ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Site Types

An investigation carried out in the Western Carpathian Mountains (Ujsoły, Węgierska Górka, Ustroń and Wisła Forest Districts) demonstrated a strong relationship between dieback in Norway spruce stands and the intensity of occurrence of <em>Armillaria ostoyae</em>. For the most endangered site types – mountain deciduous forest (LG) and mountain mixed forest (LMG), analyses of losses of annual volume increment and of stand productivity were performed, and their financial dimensions determined. The greatest losses – of about 8 m<sup>3</sup>/ha/year for tree stands of the age of 100 years, and 400 m<sup>3</sup>/ha for the rotation period – were found for LG (Mountain broadleaved forest) site type.

scholarly journals Characteristics of chosen biometric features of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) due to the age of trees and the forest site type

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Turczański ◽  
Katarzyna Kaźmierczak ◽  
Bogna Zawieja
Keyword(s):  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Floodplain Forest ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Site Type ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Biometric Features ◽  
European Ash ◽  
Site Types

The dieback of European ash contributes the disappearance of the species from the typical ash sites such as floodplain forests or alder-ash forests. The species occurs more often in moist broadleaved forests and fresh broadleaved forests. Therefore, the main objective of our study was to determine the influence of ash age and the forest site type on the chosen biometric features of dominant and codominant trees. We also aimed to compare the sizes of European ash growing in optimal forest site types with less fertile ones, where it does not occur as the main species. We collected the empirical material from 25 plots representing 4 forest site types: fresh broadleaved forest, moist broadleaved forest, floodplain forest, and alder-ash forest. The research plots were located in the Babki, Konstantynowo, and Łopuchówko Forest Districts, western Poland. The age of ash varied from 52 to 144 years. On each plot, we measured a tree height and a diameter at breast height of 15 dominant and codominant ash trees. Subsequently, we used measured features to calculate the volume of each tree. We carried out the analysis of covariance of diameter at breast height, height, and volume. The analysis showed the strong relationship of examined features with the age of the species and the forest site type. Furthermore, our results indicated the underestimation of the growth possibilities of European ash in fresh broadleaved forest and moist broadleaved forest. In these sites, ash achieved similar sizes in comparison to optimal forest site types, i.e. floodplain forest and alder-ash forest. This result cannot be omitted in forestry practice, especially in silviculture, which should aim to support the natural regeneration of European ash in differentiated site conditions. Keywords: European ash, forest site type, age of a tree, biometric features

scholarly journals Variation of conducting area in stems of European larch (Larix deciduas) growing in fresh mixed coniferous forest and fresh mixed forest sites

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 18-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nawrot ◽  
M. Jakubowski ◽  
W. Pazdrowski ◽  
K. Kaźmierczak ◽  
M. Szymański
Keyword(s):  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Main Crop ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
The Social ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
Site Types

The paper presents an attempt to determine conducting area (CA), relative conducting area (CA.k<sup>–1</sup>) and mean ring conducting area (CAar) on discs cut at breast height from stems of larch trees growing in fresh mixed coniferous forest and fresh mixed forest sites, representing four age classes and the main crop according to Kraft’s classification. The value of CA increases with an improvement of the social class of tree position in the community, while no such dependences were found for the value of (CA.k<sup>–1</sup>). The parameter CAar, except for one case in age class IV in the fresh mixed coniferous forest site, increases with an improvement of the position a tree takes in the community and differentiates more markedly under the conditions of fresh mixed forest sites. Relative conducting area (CA.k<sup>–1</sup>) decreases markedly with an increase in the age of trees, which is confirmed by high values of the coefficient of determination. Moreover, the significance of differences between individual trees in the main crop according to Kraft and forest site types was tested in terms of the values of CAar. Calculated values may be used to describe the relationships between conducting area and the size of the assimilating organ more precisely than the total sapwood zone.

scholarly journals Carbon Pools in a Hemiboreal Over-Mature Norway Spruce Stands

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ķēniņa ◽  
Didzis Elferts ◽  
Endijs Bāders ◽  
Āris Jansons
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Carbon Pool ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Site Types

Old unmanaged forests are commonly assumed to be carbon neutral; however, there is still a lack of reference studies available to increase the recognition of carbon stock changes in these forests. Studies of old forest carbon storage from hemiboreal regions are very rare compared to temperate and boreal forests in Europe; therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify the carbon stock in hemiboreal over-mature (167–213 years) Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands. To explore the total ecosystem carbon pool, the carbon stock of tree biomass, deadwood, and soil in unmanaged (for at least the last 40 years) spruce stands was calculated and compared between different forest site types on dry, wet, and drained mineral soils. Total carbon stock of hemiboreal over-mature spruce stands ranged from 164.8 Mg C ha−1 to 386.7 Mg C ha−1, and 238.5 Mg C ha−1 on average, with no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the forest site types. The carbon stock of tree biomass was significantly affected by the basal area of the upper tree layer (p < 0.0001) and the interaction between the forest site type and proportion of spruce in the stand composition (p = 0.002). Tree biomass was the dominant carbon pool, followed by soil and deadwood in over-mature spruce stands.

Effect of vegetative competition on regeneration of white spruce

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Eis
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Pioneer Species ◽  
Site Type ◽  
Rate Of Invasion ◽  
Site Types

The rate of invasion and height growth of vegetation in logged-over areas were studied on four forest site types in the white spruce – alpine fir (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss – Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) forests north of Prince George, B.C. On Cornus–Moss, Aralia–Dryopteris, and Devil's Club site types, which generally had full stocking, vegetation that grew under the canopy of trees was replaced after logging by aggressive pioneer species. Annuals were the first to invade the logged-over area, followed by biennials and perennials. The invasion of shrubs was the slowest. After logging, 6 or 7 years elapsed before vegetation became a serious hindrance to regeneration and, by that time, white spruce seedlings planted immediately after logging were tall enough to withstand competition. On the Alluvium site type, where stocking is usually open and shrubs and grasses that thrive in the logged-over areas are present, spruce seedlings were overtopped during the first growing season and eliminated as the density of shrubs increased.

scholarly journals On Dryopteris site type forests in Estonia

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Jaanus Paal ◽  
Iti Jürjendal
Keyword(s):  
Forest Site ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
Forest Communities ◽  
Habitat Conditions ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Site Type ◽  
The North ◽  
Talus Slopes ◽  
Forest Typology ◽  
Site Types

Abstract Fern-rich forest communities are presented in Estonia in mesic or moderately humid nutrient-rich habitats, in areas of drained mire forests, on floodplains and lower parts of talus slopes of the North-Estonian limestone escarpment (klint). In the recent official forest typology only one site type has been distinguished and labelled by the ferns: the Dryopteris site type in the scope of boreo-nemoral forests. The aims of the current study were (i) to clarify whether distinguishing between two fern-rich forest site types, one among the full-drained forests group and another in the boreo-nemoral forests group, is reasonable, and if so, then (ii) what the main characteristics of both considered forest site types are, (iii) what the main environmental factors determining the structure of these communities are, and (iv) what the mutual relationship between those forests and other fern-rich forest communities is. Our results asserted a distinct difference between the full-drained and undrained Dryopteris site type forests distinguished by the former scholars. The undrained boreo-nemoral fern-rich stands have developed in the same place in harmony with habitat conditions, while drained forests have significantly changed. It seems that despite some vagueness due to long-lasting post-drainage succession, it is nevertheless justified to recognise the fern-rich drained stands in Estonian forest typology as representing an autonomous forest site type in the group of full-drained forests. To avoid confusion in nomenclature, in the future, the undrained fern-rich boreo-nemoral forests site type could be named according to the most conspicuous indicator species as the Athyrium (filix-femina) site type and fern-rich stands on full-drained peat soils as the Dryopteris (expansa) site type.

scholarly journals Vegetation diversity of the Scots pine stands in different forest sites in the Turawa Forest District

2014 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Stefańska-Krzaczek ◽  
Paweł Pech
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Indicator Species ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Tree Stand ◽  
Vegetation Diversity ◽  
Site Type ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Scots Pine Stands ◽  
Site Types

Abstract The utility of phytocenotic indices in the diagnosis and classification of forest sites might be limited because of vegetation degeneration in managed forests. However, even in secondary communities it may be possible to determine indicator species, although these may differ from typical and well known plant indicators. The aim of this work was to assess the vegetation diversity of Scots pine stands in representative forest site types along a moisture and fertility gradient. In total 120 sample plots from Turawa forests were included in the study. These plots represented young (21-40 years) and old (> 80 years) Scots-pine-dominated stands. The forest sites were categorised according to Polish site classification. Four site categories were studied: Bśw (very nutrient-poor and mesic sites), BMśw (nutrient-poor and mesic sites), BMw (nutrient-poor and moist sites), LMw (quite nutrient-rich and moist sites). The species composition of the forest patches studied hardly differed among forest site types. Almost all of the vegetation in site Bśw was different from both moist site types (BMw and LMw). Sites Bśw and LMw had the exclusive species determined as site indicators. Moreover, young stands had their own site type indicator species which differed from old stands. Numerical classification showed that only two plant communities were widespread: Leucobryo- Pinetum in Bśw and BMśw, and the community of Pinus sylvestris and Molinia caerulea in BMśw, BMw, LMw. In secondary communities typical indicator species may not be useful, but it is possible to determinate species that are locally unique to forest site type. Despite the convergence in the composition of the plant community resulting from tree stand unification, plant communities have the capacity for a more diverse composition. Tree stand conversion can increase phytocenotic diversity

scholarly journals GROUND COVER VEGETATION DEVELOPMENT IN HYLOCOMIOSA FOREST SITE TYPE AFTER THE CLEARCUT

AGROFOR ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aigars INDRIKSONS ◽  
Edgars DUBROVSKIS ◽  
Lelde HERMANE ◽  
Andis KALNINS
Keyword(s):  
Forest Disturbance ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Forest Stand ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Tree Stand ◽  
Vegetation Development ◽  
Moss Species ◽  
Site Type ◽  
Ground Cover Vegetation ◽  
Site Types

Most of the ground cover vegetation descriptions given for characteristic of certainforest site types are made for mature forest stands. However the site typeestimation for the practical forest inventory needs knowledge about the vegetationin every age class of forest. The clearcut as an artificial forest disturbance causesdramatically changes in plant community. Especially fast changes proceed duringthe first years after the clearcut. Due to increase of temperature and nutrientavailability there proceeds several processes causing significant changes in groundcover vegetation. In 2015 a research was started to clarify the changes in groundcover vegetation in Hylocomiosa forest site type. This forest site type is mostabundant in Latvian forests taking around 22%. The dominant tree species inHylocomiosa is Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) although the silver birch (Betulapendula Roth), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karsten) and aspen (Populustremula L.) can form a tree stand there. The chronosequence method was used byproviding the inventory at 5 tree stands dominated by pine. Six sample plots ateach forest stand with size of 10 m2 were established. The point-square method byusing of 1mm thick and 1m high metallic needle was used for registration of plantsat each square of sample plot. The inventory showed significant changes of speciescomposition and projective cover of moss species and caulescent plants. Theresults of calculation of the Ellenberg’s ecological values and Tschekanovskycoefficient suggest of appearance of plants with another attitude to the ecologicalfactors.

Silvicultural characteristics of a Scots pine stand on drift sands

1992 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Maddelein ◽  
N. Lust
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Humus Layer ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pine Regeneration

The  study of a seventy years old stand of Scots pine on drift sands proves that  Scots pine growth on these sites was and is still relatively good: average  diameter 27.6 cm, average height 19.4 m, standing volume 213 m3 and an annual increment  of 4.9 m3.ha-1.yr-1. All Scots pines  belong to the upper storey. Yet considerable differences in crown development  and vitality are observed. The current growth rate and the spontaneous  settlement of pine seedlings under canopy show the ideal conditions for the  creation of a high forest with reserves. Anyway a rotation period of more  than 70 years is recommendable.     On several places a consolidated regeneration of Scots pine seedlings under  canopy occur. Groups with a stem number of 700 to 3,500 seedlings per are, ranging  in age from 3 to 11 years and in height from 10 to 170 cm, are present. This  Scots pine regeneration has developed in a normal mor humus layer and in a  dense Deschampsia mat.      Broadleaved regeneration is not so abundant, and consists for 75 % of black  cherry. Absence of seed trees, browsing damage and the exclusive character of  black cherry are the limiting factors for the installation and survival of  valuable indigenous species, such as pedunculate oak.     Provided that black cherry is removed and that the regeneration is  protected against wild damage, it is possible to create a mixed forest  dominated by Scots pine but with a considerable admixture of indigenous  broadleaved trees. However, if black cherry will not be sufficiently  controlled, it can be expected that in a first phase black cherry will  dominate the understorey, that it will prevent the regeneration of all other  species and that, very soon, it will form an almost single-species dominated  stage in forest succession.

Changes in DOC and DON fluxes in response to harvest intensity of black-spruce-dominated forest ecosystems in northwestern Ontario

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dave M Morris
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Site Type ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Clearcut Harvesting ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Forest Floors ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Site Types

The current study was conducted to quantify and compare dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) fluxes through black-spruce-dominated forests, to compare the source/sink characteristics of sphagnum- versus feathermoss-dominated forest floors, and to identify changes in DOC and DON flow patterns occurring as a result of clearcut harvesting. After 2 yr of pre-harvest monitoring, replicated, experimental harvests of varying intensities of biomass removals were conducted followed by 4 yr of post-harvest sampling. Prior to harvest, the upland site type, dominated by feathermoss, was a significant source of DOC and DON, whereas, the wet-sphagnum-dominated sites exported minor amounts of these solutes. After harvest, DOC and DON fluxes peaked in the second year, but then dropped off significantly to at or below pre-harvest levels. On the upland site type, chipper debris appeared to be a major source of DOC and DON generating fluxes well above the pre-harvest levels. On the wetter site types, it appeared that microclimate differences between harvest treatments had a stronger influence on DOC and DON production than did the amount or type of harvest residue. Full-tree harvesting did not significantly alter the production of DOC and DON when compared with stem-only harvesting on the sites included in this study. Key words: DOC, DON, forest floor leachate, black spruce, harvesting response

On the relationship of NDVI with leaf area index in a deciduous forest site

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Wang ◽  
Samuel Adiku ◽  
John Tenhunen ◽  
André Granier
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship
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