scholarly journals Carbon Pools in a Hemiboreal Over-Mature Norway Spruce Stands

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ķēniņa ◽  
Didzis Elferts ◽  
Endijs Bāders ◽  
Āris Jansons
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Carbon Pool ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Site Types

Old unmanaged forests are commonly assumed to be carbon neutral; however, there is still a lack of reference studies available to increase the recognition of carbon stock changes in these forests. Studies of old forest carbon storage from hemiboreal regions are very rare compared to temperate and boreal forests in Europe; therefore, the aim of this study was to quantify the carbon stock in hemiboreal over-mature (167–213 years) Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands. To explore the total ecosystem carbon pool, the carbon stock of tree biomass, deadwood, and soil in unmanaged (for at least the last 40 years) spruce stands was calculated and compared between different forest site types on dry, wet, and drained mineral soils. Total carbon stock of hemiboreal over-mature spruce stands ranged from 164.8 Mg C ha−1 to 386.7 Mg C ha−1, and 238.5 Mg C ha−1 on average, with no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the forest site types. The carbon stock of tree biomass was significantly affected by the basal area of the upper tree layer (p < 0.0001) and the interaction between the forest site type and proportion of spruce in the stand composition (p = 0.002). Tree biomass was the dominant carbon pool, followed by soil and deadwood in over-mature spruce stands.

scholarly journals A Carbon Management Diagram for Oak-hickory Forests in Southern Ohio

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. Williams ◽  
Yuhua Tao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
Carbon Management ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Total Carbon Stock

Abstract A carbon management diagram for use in oak-hickory forests in southern Ohio has been developed to allow easier quantification of total forest carbon stock. The total carbon stock is positively correlated to basal area and average stand diameter but poorly correlated to the number of trees per acre. The total amount of carbon stored in these forests is going to be influenced by age and site quality to the extent that age and site influence basal area and the average tree size. Accordingly, not all stands considered to be fully to overstocked store the most carbon. Rather, it is a combination of basal area and average tree size that determines the total carbon stored, with the carbon stock in the forest increasing with an increase in both basal area and average tree diameter. Examples illustrating the use of the diagram are presented for two oak forests on oak site indexes 60 and 80. Both forests are overstocked at age 100 years, but the forest on site index 60 stores 77 tons/ac of total carbon compared with 103 tons/ac on site index 80.

Land-use change and climate change mitigation potential of agricultural soils in Finland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Tupek ◽  
Aleksi Lehtonen ◽  
Raisa Mäkipää ◽  
Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio ◽  
Saija Huuskonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Litter Input ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Woody Litter

&lt;p&gt;We aimed to estimate a nation-wide potential to improve the carbon balance of the land use sector by removing part of the current croplands on mineral soil from food and feed production to extensive grasslands or afforestation in Finland. &amp;#160;We combined the existing data on forest and agricultural production, and climate with predictive capacity of YASSO07 soil carbon model to estimate changes of soil carbon stock (SOC) in Finland over the past land use change (LUC) from forest to agriculture in comparison with alternative LUC or continuous agriculture in future.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The model analysis revealed that SOC loss after deforestation during the cultivation period originated mainly from the absence of woody litter input. The non-woody litter input of the forest was comparable to that of the agricultural residues thus the SOC originating from non-woody litter has not changed much during cultivation. The model estimated approximately a 30 year delay in positive soil carbon balance after the afforestation. Longer for Norway spruce than for the Pubescent birch. The comparison of two dominant tree species used for afforestation highlighted a difference in soil versus biomass carbon sequestration. The total forest biomass production and total carbon stock was larger for spruce stands than for birch stands. However, due to larger foliar and fineroot litter input birch stands sequestered more carbon into the soil than spruce stands. The analysis further revealed that extensification of cropland to grassland would not meet 4 per mill soil carbon sequestration criterion needed for achieving Paris climate CO2 reduction target and due to the spatial limitation of afforestation other management measures need to be considered e.g. adding biochar to soils for successful and more permanent CO2 offsetting.&lt;/p&gt;

Wood density in Norway spruce: changes with thinning intensity and tree age

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1767-1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuula Jaakkola ◽  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Pekka Saranpää
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Individual Tree Growth ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Individual Trees

The effect of thinning intensity on growth and wood density in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was investigated in two long-term thinning experiments in southeastern Finland. The stands were approaching maturity, and their development had already been studied for 30 years. The intensities of thinning were low, normal, and high (i.e., the stand basal area after the thinning was, on average, 40, 27, and 24 m2·ha–1, respectively, in Heinola, and 30, 28, and 17 m2·ha–1 in Punkaharju, respectively). Compared with the low thinning intensity, the normal and high thinning intensities increased the basal-area increment of individual trees by 52% and 68%, respectively. Normal and high thinning intensities resulted in a relatively small reduction (1%–4%) of mean ring density compared with low thinning intensity. The random variation in wood density between and within trees was large. About 27% of the total variation in wood density was related to variation between rings. Our results indicate that the prevailing thinning intensities in Norway spruce stands in Fennoscandia cause no marked changes in wood density. At least, the possible reduction in wood density is low compared with the increase in individual tree growth.

scholarly journals Variability Assessment for Volume, Biomass and Carbon Stock in Cedrus deodara (Roxb) G.Don. Forests of Garhwal Himalaya

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Rathod Digvijaysinh ◽  
Yogesh Kumar ◽  
Gaurav Chand Ramola ◽  
Dhaval Prajapati ◽  
C. S. Dhanai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Biomass Density ◽  
Cedrus Deodara ◽  
Ground Biomass

Deodar is typically gregarious and is usually found in pure stands. It is one of the most important timber species in the forests of North Indian Himalayas. The objective of the present study was the assessment of variation in volume and biomass along with the carbon holding capacity of different deodar forests. The present study was undertaken in ten different forests sites, assessed by laying out three 0.1 ha sample plots randomly on each location. Total enumeration of trees within the sample plot was done by measuring girth and height of all the trees. Further, data collected from stand were computed for dbh, basal area, volume, stand density and canopy cover. The above ground biomass densities (AGBD), below ground biomass density (BGBD), total biomass density (TBD), total carbon density (TCD) were examined for variation of biomass and carbon stock. The results derived from field data during the study revealed that the values range from 42.10 to 57.07 cm (diameter at breast height), 1.37 to 2.84 m2 trees-1 (basal area), 19.68 to 37.64 m (height), 1.44 m3 tree-1 to 4.27 m3 tree-1 (volume), 227 to 407 individual ha-1 (stand density) and 57.91% to 80.60% (canopy cover) respectively. The values of AGBD (428.57 to 1279.51 Mg ha-1), BGBD (97.41 to 256.14 Mg ha-1), TBD (525.98 to 1535.65 Mg ha-1), and TCD (767.83 to 262.99 Mg ha-1) were recorded in different study sites and highest values was observed in Kanasar-I site. On the basis of above results it can be concluded that the healthy stand growth means presence of trees in all diameter classes. The Kanasar-I has more prominent capacity to storage biomass and carbon stock. Deodar being a slow growing conifer will provide a long term and high carbon storage than broadleaf species forest. Therefore, protecting deodar forest would have the largest impact, per unit area, on reducing carbon emission from deforestation.

scholarly journals Pendugaan Simpanan Karbon pada Kawasan Rehabilitasi Pesisir Selatan Pulau Jawa

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Budiadi Budiadi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stock ◽  
South Coast ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Casuarina Equisetifolia ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
The South ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Total Carbon Stock

Konservasi karbon merupakan salah satu tindakan penting dalam rehabilitasi pesisir, khususnya pesisir selatan Pulau Jawa dengan keunikan ombak yang besar, salinitas tinggi dan sedimen beragam. Penelitian dilaksanakan untuk menduga simpanan karbon dalam berbagai bagian pada areal pesisir tersebut, yang terdiri dari tapak tergenang (tegakan mangrove 14 tahun jenis Avicennia/AV, Rhizophora/RH dan campuran/MX, lahan sedimen/SD, rumput/GR) dan tapak kering berpasir tegakan Casuarina equisetifolia/CS umur 18 tahun. Tiga sampai sembilan petak ukur dibuat untuk pengamatan dan pengukuran vegetasi, serta pengambilan sampel tanah (kedalaman 0-20, 20-40 dan 40-60 cm), dan pengukuran tegakan. Biomasa pohon diestimasi dengan mengkonvesri diameter batang (DBH) menggunakan persamaan alometrik. Biomasa pohon dirubah menjadi karbon tersimpan menggunakan berat jenis kayu yaitu 0,464 untuk above-ground (AGC), dan 0,39 untuk below-ground (BGC), serta untuk menduga biomasa karbon total (TBC). Karbon organik tanah (COT) dianalisis secara terpisah, dan digabungkan dengan karbon biomasa untuk memperkirakan simpanan karbon dalam ekosistem. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan variasi yang tinggi dari pertumbuhan dan kerapatan pohon, khususnya pada tegakan mangrove, dengan kemampuan regenerasi yang rendah. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang nyata dari simpanan karbon pada biomasa antara tegakan mangrove dengan Casuarina. Rerata TBC pada mangrove adalah 46,08 Mg C/ha, sedikit lebih rendah daripada CS (51,50 Mg C/ha). Di bawah tanah (hingga kedalaman 60 cm), tapak tergenang (AV, RH, MX, SD dan GR) secara nyata menyimpan COT lebih besar daripada tapak kering (CS). Kedalaman tanah secara nyata mempengaruhi COT, namun pada tapak tergenang semakin dalam tanah maka COT semakin besar, sedangkan tren sebaliknya pada tapak kering. Perkiraan total karbon tersimpan adalah 248.52 (±87.21) Mg C/ha, dengan terendah pada CS (94.46 Mg C/ha) dan tertinggi pada MX (324.77 Mg C/ha). Rehabilitasi pesisir berpeluang meningkatkan simpanan karbon ekosistem karena adanya adanya biomasa pohon, dibandingkan tapak terbuka yakni SD dan GR. Pada tapak tergenang/tegakan mangrove sebagian besar simpanan karbon berupa COT, dan lebih sedikit ditemukan pada CS. Perbedaan karakteristik simpanan karbon ini memerlukan penanganan atau konservasi yang berbeda, tetapi sama-sama membutuhkan rehabilitasi dan regenerasi buatan yang intensif. Carbon Stock Estimation in the South Coastal Rehabilitation Area of Java IslandAbstractCarbon conservation is one of important actions for coastal rehabilitation, in particular in the south coast of Java Island with its unique characteristics of strong tide, high salinity and diverse substrates. The research aimed to estimate carbon stocks from various carbon pools in the coast rehabilitation area, including wetland sites (14-year-old mangroves of Avicennia/AV, Rhizophora/RH and mix mangrove/MX, mudflat-sediment/SD, grassland/GR) and dry-sandy site of 18-year-old Casuarina equisetifolia/CS. Three to nine plots were established for observing and measuring vegetation, as well as taking soil sample at 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, 40-60 cm depths. Tree biomass were estimated by converting treestem diameter using allometric equation. The tree biomass were converted into tree carbon using carbon density of 0.464 for aboveground (AGC), and 0.39 for below-ground (BGC), and to estimate total biomass carbon (TBC). Soil organic carbon (SOC) was analyzed separately, and combined with biomass carbon to estimate total carbon stock in the ecosystems. High variation of tree growth and density were found, especially in mangrove stands, with a low level of natural regeneration. No significant difference of carbon stock in biomass between mangroves and Casuarina was observed. Average TBC in mangroves (46.08 Mg C/ha) was slightly lower than in CS (51.50 Mg C/ha). In below ground (up to 60 cm depth), wetland sites (AV, RH, MX, SD and GR) significantly stored more SOC than dry land (CS). Soil depth significantly affected SOC, but in wetland sites deeper soil contained more carbon than upper, while an opposite trend was observed in CS. Estimated total carbon stock in the coast was 248.52 (±87.21) Mg C/ha, with the lowest in CS (94.46 Mg C/ha) and highest in MX (324.77 Mg C/ha). Rehabilitation activities in the coast possibly improve carbon stock in the ecosystems due to tree biomass, compared to open sites of SD and GR. In the wetland or mangroves, most of carbon was observed as SOC, and less in the dry-land site. The different characteristics of carbon storage in the south coast need different conservation techniques, but both sites need intensive rehabilitation work and artificial regeneration.

Volume Equations and Stand Volumes for Unthinned Norway Spruce Plantations in New York

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Jokela ◽  
Russell D. Briggs ◽  
Edwin H. White
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Quadratic Mean ◽  
Central New York ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Allegheny Plateau ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Total and merchantable stem volume prediction equations (English and metric) were developed using data from 228 trees sampled in 38 unthinned Norway spruce stands varying in age from 45 to 55 years on the Allegheny Plateau in central New York. The equations were used to estimate stand volumes for the 38 sample plantations. The results demonstrate the potential of Norway spruce as a fiber source, having growth rates equal to or exceeding those of native northern conifer species. Average total height of dominant and codominant stems, basal area, quadratic mean diameters, and total and merchantable standing volume for the sample stands ranged from 58-93 ft, 150-239 ft2/ac, 6.5-10.6 in, 5431-8833 ft3/ac, and 4431-8218 ft3;/ac, respectively. The most productive stands were generally found on well-drained to moderately well-drained soils, although Norway spruce grew well over a broad range of soil drainage conditions. North. J. Appl. For. 3:7-10, Mar. 1986.

scholarly journals Landscape Diversity for Reduced Risk of Insect Damage: A Case Study of Spruce Bud Scale in Latvia

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endijs Bāders ◽  
Āris Jansons ◽  
Roberts Matisons ◽  
Didzis Elferts ◽  
Iveta Desaine
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Landscape Metrics ◽  
Landscape Heterogeneity ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forest Patch ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Effects

Spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae (Schrnk.)) has gained attention due to recent outbreaks in the eastern Baltic Sea region—Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia. In the spring of 2010, it spread rapidly across Latvia, affecting large areas of Norway spruce stands. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the effects of landscape heterogeneity on the damage caused by spruce bud scale in Norway spruce stands. In this study, we evaluated landscape metrics for middle-aged (40 to 70 years old) Norway spruce-dominated stands (>70% of stand’s basal area) in four of the most affected forest massifs and two unaffected forest massifs. We used a binary logistic generalized linear mixed effects model (GLMMs) to assess the effect of environmental factors on the abundance of the spruce bud scale. Our results show that increased local diversity within 100 m of a forest patch apparently reduced the probability of spruce bud scale presence. We also found that the diversity within 1000 m of a patch was associated with an increased probability of spruce bud scale damage. A quantitative analysis of landscape metrics in our study indicated that greater landscape-scale diversity of stands may reduce insect damages.

scholarly journals Carbon Sequestration Potentials of Man-made Grasslands under Different Pattern of Plantation Stands in West Bandung Regency, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 249 ◽  
pp. 03011
Author(s):  
Annas Dwitri Malik ◽  
Maulida Isfahani Nurillah ◽  
Parikesit ◽  
Susanti Withaningsih ◽  
Ratna Wingit
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Management Planning ◽  
Grassland Ecosystems ◽  
Below Ground

Alternatives of vegetations to store carbon need to be encouraged considering that forests are threatened by widespread destructions. One such vegetation is grasslands which have the potential for carbon storage and to reduce CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. At present, many enterprises have designed grasslands for many purposes. Grasslands at Cikalong Wetan and Little Farmers, West Bandung Regency were established under different pattern of plantation stands. The purpose of this research was to study the potential of carbon stock in grassland vegetation at these locations. Based on RaCSA method, the tree biomass was determined by nondestructive collection of density and basal area of trees, then calculated by an allometric equation. The ground cover biomass was determined by destructive collection of grass and roots. Total measured biomass was multiplied by 46% to obtain carbon storage. Based on the results, the potential of carbon stock in Little Farmers grassland (159,540 ton ha-1) is higher than in Cikalong Wetan (14,482 ton ha-1). Carbon stored in tree biomass gives the highest contribution to overall carbon stock potential in Little Farmers (94.84%) while carbon stored in below-ground understorey biomass gives the highest contribution in Cikalong Wetan (52.13 %). Different management of grasslands and pattern of plantation stands resulting a different contribution of carbon stock in every carbon pool. In order to maintain the carbon sequestration potentials of these locations, an agroforestry management such as agri-silviculture need to be encouraged. This study gives a comparison of the carbon sequestration potentials between two man-made grassland ecosystems. For many enterprises this study will aid in a management planning of man-made grassland in terms of ecosystem services, that is carbon sequestration.

scholarly journals Carbon stock assessment using forest canopy density mapper in agroforestry land in Berau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adisti Permatasari Putri Hartoyo ◽  
Lilik Budi Prasetyo ◽  
Iskandar Zulkarnaen Siregar ◽  
Supriyanto . ◽  
Ida Theilade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Stock Assessment ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Tree Stand ◽  
Canopy Density ◽  
Forest Canopy Density ◽  
Total Carbon Stock

Abstract. Hartoyo APP, Prasetyo LB, Siregar IZ, Supriyanto, Theilade I, Siregar UJ. 2019. Carbon stock assessment using forest canopy density mapper in agroforestry land in Berau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2661-2676. In the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) program, remote sensing is the most important tool for measuring forest cover and carbon dynamic, including the utilization of software Forest Canopy Density (FCD) mapper. However, there have been rarely untested the accuracy of FCD applied in agroforestry landscapes to support carbon stock assessment compared to conventional field measurement data. This research was aimed to investigate the correlation between: (i) the value of FCD (%) and tree stand density (N/ha), (ii) the value of FCD (%) and basal area (m2/ha), (iii) the value of FCD (%) and total carbon stock (Mg C/ha), and iv) total carbon stock and percentage of canopy closure (%). Tree stand density, basal area, carbon stock and canopy profile were conventionally measured by trained members of local communities. The results of this study showed that the R2 between FCD and tree density was 37.7% (r = 61.4%), while the R2 between FCD and the basal area was 3.33% (r = 18.3%). The result of normality and heteroscedasticity tests showed that FCD was more accurate and precise in estimating the tree stand density model than the basal area model. Total carbon stock differed significantly (p<0.1) from tree density with R2 = 27.7% (r = 27.3%). Total carbon can be predicted using FCD with total carbon (Mg C/ha) = 13.005 + 0.826 FCD. Our findings suggest that FCD can be used as a new method to estimate tree density and total carbon stock cheaply, efficiently and accurately to support carbon stock assessment in agroforest practices. In carbon assessment, total carbon stock can also be estimated using canopy closure measurement.

scholarly journals The structure analysis of the Norway spruce stands after schematic thinning in the 1st protected zone of water-supply storage

Beskydy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
M. Bátor ◽  
L. Danková
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Slenderness Ratio ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Protected Zone

The water-supply storages are important resources of drinking water in some regions of Slovakia, especially in surrounding of Banská Bystrica. Málinec is one of the three storages in this region. In protected zone of this storage are planted Norway spruce (hereinafter „spruce“) stands monocultures because of ensuring required water quality in storage. There are 24 years old spruce stands without admixture of deciduous trees in the upper layer. Understory is formed by blackthorn (PRP 1). On this locality was carried out geometric (schematic) thinning what is not recommended in protected zones because of worse influencing of soil permeability, humus decomposition and open forest edge creating. There was identified one older permanent research plot (PRP) and established one new PRP where was performed own measurements. Into the PRPs there are transekts and remaining area. Acreage of PRP is 0,234 and 0,315 ha. On the whole area were measured tree diameter and assessed tree classes (5 degrees–Polanský 1955). Moreover, on transekts were measured tree and also crown height. Based of measured variables were calculated stand characteristics like slenderness ratio, crown ratio, growing stock and basal area. If it is possible, these were compared with older results. The aim of this work is evaluation of spruce stands structure and their stability after schematic thinning. This kind of silvicultural treatment is absolutely unfit in stands with specific (water-protested) function (Slodičák et al. 2010). These stands are from the perspective of static stability too unfit–basal area and abundance of trees is nearly as in yield tables (Kolektív 1992) but growing stock is much higher and a lot of trees is too slim. The slenderness ratio is from 75 to 90 %. But the crown lenght is quite good with crown ratio 52–64 %. In these ages of stands are crowns reduced too much. Suitable individual thinning has been in these stands neglected (growing stock is higher than normal). There is assumed reduced stand lifetime after schematic thinning. Current stand structure is due to the young age inappropriate.

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