scholarly journals Biotic effects of mycoflora of leaves, glumes and seeds on Septoria nodorum foliowing Triticum aestivum treatment with fungicides

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-232
Author(s):  
Janusz Błaszkowski
Keyword(s):  
Biotic Resistance ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Septoria Nodorum ◽  
Series Method ◽  
Mucor Hiemalis ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Glucose Agar ◽  
Biotic Effects

Using a biotic series method, interactions between <i>Sepfona nodorum</i> and associated fungal communities isolated from leaves, glumes, and seeds of spring <i>Triticum acstivum</i>. cv. Kolibri treated with Bayleton 25 WP. Dithane M-45. and Funaben K were determined. Control planls were sprayed with water. Most fungi accompanying <i>S. nodorum</i> in the field inhibited the growth of this pathogen on a potato glucose agar medium. Fungi which restricted the growth of <i>S. nodorum</i> the most were <i>Chaetomium globosum, Fusarium</i> spp., <i>Helminthosporium sativum, Mucor hiemalis, Rbizophus nigrieans, Stemphylium botryosum, Trichothecium roseum</i>, and two non-sporulating forms. <i>Septoria nodorum</i> replaced <i>Cladosporium</i> spp. and a yeast-like pink fungus. The biotic resistance to <i>S. nodorum</i> increased with me age of plant. The fungal populations recovered from plants sampled in 1982 and 1983 inhibited the growth of <i>S. nodorum</i> whereas most of those isolated in the relatively wet and cold year 1984 favoured the development of this pathogen, The lowest biotic resistance of the fungal communities investigated to <i>S. nodorum</i> was generally found following spraying of plant s with Bayleton 25 WP, and ihe highest in Funabed K - and water-treated plants.

Biotic effect of fungal communities inhabiting grapevine phyllosphere on Phoma negriana

Biologia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Król ◽  
Zofia Machowicz-Stefaniak
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Series Method ◽  
Phomopsis Viticola ◽  
Biotic Effects ◽  
One Year

AbstractThe effect of 15 fungi species most frequently inhabiting grapevine shoots on the growth of Phoma negriana was examined. Particular species-components of the fungal community were tested in vitro against the pathogen, using the biotic series method. The majority of fungi species inhibited P. negriana growth and the growth of only 3 species from the community, i.e. Alternaria alternata Keiss., Botrytis cinerea Pers. and Phomopsis viticola, was limited by the pathogen. Fungi Trichoderma were found the most effective against P. negriana. They completely degraded the hyphae and conidia of P. negriana after 20–22 days of growth in two-organism cultures. The summary biotic effects of fungal communities from grapevine were generally favourable to the P. negriana growth and only in one year of study they suppressed the pathogen development.

scholarly journals Effects of rhizosphere fungi on the chemical composition of fruits of the medicinal plant Cinnamomum migao endemic to southwestern China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingzhong Chen ◽  
Xiaolong Huang ◽  
Bingli Tong ◽  
Deng Wang ◽  
Jiming Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Rhizosphere Fungi ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Fungal Populations

Abstract Background This study examined how rhizosphere fungi influence the accumulation of chemical components in fruits of a small population species of Cinnamomum migao. Results Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were dominant in the rhizosphere fungal community of C. migao. Pestalotiopsis and Gibellulopsis were associated with α-Terpineol and sabinene content, and Gibellulopsis was associated with crude fat and carbohydrate content. There were significant differences in rhizosphere fungal populations between watersheds, and there was no obvious change between fruiting periods. Gibberella, Ilyonectria, Micropsalliota, and Geminibasidium promoted sabinene accumulation, and Clitocybula promoted α-Terpineol accumulation. Conclusion The climate-related differentiation of rhizosphere fungal communities in watershed areas is the main driver of the chemical composition of C. migao fruit. The control of the production of biologically active compounds by the rhizosphere fungal community provides new opportunities to increase the industrial and medicinal value of the fruit of C. migao.

LONGEVITY OF SOME COMMON FUNGI IN CEREAL SEED

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Machacek ◽  
H. A. H. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Pure Culture ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Septoria Nodorum ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Alternaria Tenuis ◽  
Cereal Seed

Tests made at regular intervals over a period of 10 years on naturally infested seed of wheat, oats, and barley that had been held in storage showed that most of the seed, while retaining its germinability, became free from viable fungi before the end of the storage period. Alternaria tenuis sensu Wiltshire in all three crops, Helminthosporium sativum P.K. & B. in wheat and barley, and Septoria nodorum Berk, in wheat died out comparatively rapidly. H. avenae Eidam in oats and H. teres Sacc. in barley lost their viability slowly and since, by the end of the storage period, most of the microorganisms associated with them in infested kernels were dead, these two fungi could generally be recovered in pure culture.

The Influence of Sucralose on Bacterial Metabolism

1990 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1480-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Young ◽  
W.H. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Agar Medium ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Streptococcus Sobrinus ◽  
Streptococcus Sanguis ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Total Inhibition ◽  
Glucose Agar ◽  
Enzyme Ratio

Sucralose (1',4',6' trideoxy-trichloro-galactosucrose) is a nontoxic, intensely sweet sucrose derivative that has been shown to be non-cariogenic in experimental animals. The purpose of this study was to determine whether certain oral bacteria could utilize sucralose. Sucralose, as a sole carbon source, was unable to support growth of ten strains of oral bacteria and dental plaque. When sucralose was incorporated into a liquid medium containing glucose or sucrose, all organisms tested displayed similar pH falls, compared with controls. The incorporation of 126 mmol/L sucralose into glucose agar medium caused total inhibition of growth of Streptococcus sobrinus 6715-17, Streptococcus sanguis 10904, Streptococcus sanguis Challis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Actinomyces viscosus WVU627. Sucralose had no effect on IPS production. Sucralose was not bound to, nor taken up by, cells. Sucralose inhibited the formation of glucan and fructan polymers in proportion to the sucralose-to-enzyme ratio, but independent of the sucrose concentration in the assay mixture. No radioactive polymer was formed from 14C-U-sucralose added to mixtures containing glucosyltransferase (GTF) or fructosyltransferase (FTF). Inhibition of GTF and FTF by sucralose was removed following dialysis of the enzyme/sucralose mixture. These results show that sucralose was not utilized by the oral bacteria tested and that the inhibitory effect of sucralose on GTF and FTF was non-competitive and reversible. The results further support the concept that sucralose is non-cariogenic.

scholarly journals The occurrence and biotic activity of Phomopsis diachenii Sacc.

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zofia Machowicz-Stefaniak
Keyword(s):  
Agar Medium ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Numerous Species ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Dual Cultures ◽  
Phyllosphere Fungi ◽  
Weak Competitor ◽  
Biotic Effects ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Individual

<i>Phomopsis diachenii</i> was isolated from caraway cultivars Konczewicki, firstly in 2006 and next in 2007. Single cultures were obtained from the roots and the stem base of eight six-week-old seedlings and from the stems of two plants with symptoms of necrosis, in the second year of planting. This fungus was isolated from the plant parts superficially disinfected on malt agar medium with an addition 0.01% of streptomycin. The identification of the species was made on PDA medium. The biotic interactions between <i>P. diachenii</i> and <i>S. carvi</i> and other species of phyllosphere fungi of caraway were studied. Interactions among the fungi, i.e. between <i>P. diachenii</i> and one of the fungi representing the studied community, were examined using the biotic series method. The biotic effects of the fungi in dual cultures were evaluated after 10 and 20 days of common growth and were expressed as the individual biotic effect (IBE). It was shown that <i>P. diachenii</i> is a weak competitor because its growth was limited by numerous species of phyllosphere fungi. The obtained results indicated the dominance of biotic activity of <i>P. diachenii</i> over that of <i>S. carvi</i>. It is possible that <i>P. diachenii</i> has a greater ability to survive in the phyllosphere fungal community than <i>S. carvi</i>, causing septoriosis of caraway.

EFFECT OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS ON THE AUTOPLAQUE PHENOMENON OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

1965 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Berk
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Glucose Agar

A survey of 75 cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa containing only one discernible phenotype indicated that 68 routinely exhibited spontaneous lysis, resulting in the appearance of turbid erosions or autoplaques (AP+) when grown on a tryptone–glucose agar medium. Single supplements of non-inhibitory levels of chloromycetin, aureomycin, tetracycline, declomycin, and streptomycin increased the degree of lysis of AP+ strains, but were without effect on AP− strains. Enhancement of lysis was also obtained with sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, elkosin, gantrisin, and triple sulfa, while little or no effect was observed with sulfamerizine and thiosulfil. On the other hand, low concentrations of either acriflavine or proflavine retarded the rate and degree of lysis, while single supplements of the active antibiotics overcame the suppressive effects of the dyes.

The internal microflora of wheat grains in Western Australia

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (23) ◽  
pp. 432 ◽  
Author(s):  
WA Shipton ◽  
SC Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Septoria Nodorum ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Helminthosporium Sativum ◽  
Facial Eczema

The microflora of 568 samples of surface sterilized wheat grains, harvested in 1963-64 and 1964-65 in Western Australia, were examined. Alternaria spp, were the most commonly isolated organisms, being present in 17.7 per cent of all grain and 98.7 per cent of all samples over the two years. The frequency of occurrence was not related to grain discolouration. Of the remaining organisms, Helminthosporium sativum, Fusarium spp., Podosporiella vertillata, and Septoria nodorum are known to be pathogenic to wheat. H. sativum and Fusarium spp. were isolated only in trace amounts in the grain and in few samples, whereas P. verticillata and S. nodorum occurred in 1.86 and 3.40 per cent respectively of all grain and 39.92 and 70.57 per cent respectively of all samples. Pithomyes chartarum, the organism causing facial eczema in animals, was isolated once from each of two grain samples.

Fungal communities in wet tropical forests: variation in time and space

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1391-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jean Lodge ◽  
Sharon Cantrell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Fresh Litter

Understanding variation in tropical forest fungal populations and communities is important for assessing fungal biodiversity, as well as for understanding the regulatory roles fungi play in tropical forests. In wet tropical forests, the canopy is typically occupied by certain wood decomposers, endophytes, epiphylls, and pathogens. Aphyllophoraceous canopy fungi are a subset of species found in the understory. Marasmioid agarics in the understory often form extensive networks of rhizomorphs that trap litter; these and other aerial species are rare on the forest floor. Decomposers are stratified within the forest floor, with some species colonizing only fresh litter, others preferring decomposed litter, and others restricted to soil organic matter. Specificity to particular host substrates is frequent among tropical forest litter decomposers and contributes to spatial heterogeneity in fungal communities over the landscape. Litter basidiomycete and microfungal communities in patches of 1 m2 or less do not significantly resemble communities in similar patches located at distances greater than 100 m. Disturbances induce changes in the environment and the abundance of different substrates, resulting in changes in fungal communities through time, and variation over the landscape. Severe disturbances, as well as the slight daily variations in rainfall, profoundly affect populations of fungal decomposers and their influence on plant nutrient availability. Key words: fungi, tropical forests, diversity, stratification, spatial variation, temporal variation.

scholarly journals Effect of Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation on Degradation of Polyurethane Buried in Soil

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 810-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Cosgrove ◽  
P. L. McGeechan ◽  
P. S. Handley ◽  
G. D. Robson
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Soil Microcosms ◽  
Polyurethane Waste ◽  
Solid Media ◽  
Dependent Change ◽  
Dispersion Agent ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Fungal Populations

ABSTRACT This work investigated biostimulation and bioaugmentation as strategies for removing polyurethane (PU) waste in soil. Soil microcosms were biostimulated with the PU dispersion agent “Impranil” and/or yeast extract or were bioaugmented with PU-degrading fungi, and the degradation of subsequently buried PU was determined. Fungal communities in the soil and colonizing buried PU were enumerated on solid media and were analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Biostimulation with yeast extract alone or in conjunction with Impranil increased PU degradation 62% compared to the degradation in untreated control soil and was associated with a 45% increase in putative PU degraders colonizing PU. Specific fungi were enriched in soil following biostimulation; however, few of these fungi colonized the surface of buried PU. Fungi used for soil bioaugmentation were cultivated on the surface of sterile wheat to form a mycelium-rich inoculum. Wheat, when added alone to soil, increased PU degradation by 28%, suggesting that wheat biomass had a biostimulating effect. Addition of wheat colonized with Nectria haematococca, Penicillium viridicatum, Penicillium ochrochloron, or an unidentified Mucormycotina sp. increased PU degradation a further 30 to 70%, suggesting that biostimulation and bioaugmentation were operating in concert to enhance PU degradation. Interestingly, few of the inoculated fungi could be detected by DGGE in the soil or on the surface of the PU 4 weeks after inoculation. Bioaugmentation did, however, increase the numbers of indigenous PU-degrading fungi and caused an inoculum-dependent change in the composition of the native fungal populations, which may explain the increased degradation observed. These results demonstrate that both biostimulation and bioaugmentation may be viable tools for the remediation of environments contaminated with polyurethane waste.

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