scholarly journals Malting barley seed health depending on different fungicide treatment

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
Barbara Majchrzak ◽  
Bogdan Dubis ◽  
Adam Okorski
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Pathogenic Species ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Fungicide Treatment ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Seed Health

Field studies were carried out in the 2004 - 2005 growing seasons. The mycological analysis of malting barley (varieties Prestige and Sezam) grains was performed twice: on seeds stored for 30 days and on seeds stored for five months. The influence of fungicide treatment on species diversity and the amount of fungal pathogens on kernels of both varieties of malting barley were determined in the studies. Main fungal pathogens of both varieties of malting barley were field fungal species, such as: <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, <i>Epicocum purpurascens</i>, and fungi of the genus Fusarium. The extension of the grain storage period to five months resulted in an increased share of pathogenic species.

Differential Susceptibility of Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to Different Species of Fungal Pathogens

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anahi A Barrera-López ◽  
Ariel W Guzmán-Franco ◽  
Materesa Santillán-Galicia ◽  
Fernando Tamayo-Mejía ◽  
Rafael Bujanos-Muñiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Microbial Agents

Abstract Bagrada hilaris Burmeister (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a pest of Palearctic origin. Its presence in the United States was first reported in 2008 and in Mexico in 2014; it affects brassica crops. There are practically no reports of natural enemies of B. hilaris in America. Entomopathogenic fungi are strong candidates for microbial control of this pest. Evaluating the susceptibility of this pest to fungi that are native to the region where they will be used is a sensible first step to finding candidate biological control agents. The aim of our research was to select potential microbial agents to control B. hilaris. Eleven isolates of Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria pseudobassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Isaria fumosorosea were evaluated to determine the susceptibility of B. hilaris. Isolates of B. bassiana caused the highest mortality due to infection (100%) compared with the other isolates. The I. fumosorosea isolate caused the lowest percent mortality (56%). The two B. bassiana isolates Bb88 and AP3 were more virulent than M. anisopliae isolate Ma129. The sex of the insect had no effect on infection levels achieved by B. bassiana isolates Bb88 and AP3. The results of our study contribute valuable information for the development of fungal species with potential to manage B. hilaris populations. Field studies are the next step in order to develop these isolates as biological control agents of B. hilaris.

scholarly journals Genetic Response of Common Bean to the Inoculation with Indigenous Fusarium Isolates

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Alejandra J. Porteous-Álvarez ◽  
Sara Mayo-Prieto ◽  
Samuel Álvarez-García ◽  
Bonifacio Reinoso ◽  
Pedro A. Casquero
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Genetic Response ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Soil Borne Pathogens ◽  
Biocontrol Activity ◽  
Systemic Responses ◽  
New Strategies

Fungal species from the genus Fusarium are important soil-borne pathogens worldwide, causing significant economic losses in diverse crops. The need to find sustainable solutions against this disease has led to the development of new strategies—for instance, the use of biocontrol agents. In this regard, non-pathogenic Fusarium isolates have demonstrated their ability to help other plants withstand subsequent pathogen attacks. In the present work, several Fusarium isolates were evaluated in climatic chambers to identify those presenting low or non-pathogenic behavior. The inoculation with a low-pathogenic isolate of the fungus did not affect the development of the plant, contrary to the results observed in plants inoculated with pathogenic isolates. The expression of defense-related genes was evaluated and compared between plants inoculated with pathogenic and low-pathogenic Fusarium isolates. Low-pathogenic isolates caused a general downregulation of several plant defense-related genes, while pathogenic ones produced an upregulation of these genes. This kind of response to low-pathogenic fungal isolates has been already described for other plant species and fungal pathogens, being related to enhanced tolerance to later pathogen attacks. The results here presented suggest that low-pathogenic F. oxysporum and F. solani isolates may have potential biocontrol activity against bean pathogens via induced and systemic responses in the plant.

scholarly journals Year-to-Year Incidence of Cranberry Fruit Rot and Persistence of Fungal Pathogens

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay D. Wells-Hansen ◽  
Patricia S. McManus
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Consistent Basis ◽  
One Year ◽  
Management Recommendations

Cranberry fruit rot is a disease complex comprised of as many as 15 fungal species. Current management recommendations are to spray broad-spectrum fungicides every year in regions such as New Jersey where fruit rot incidence is high on a consistent basis. By contrast, in regions such as Wisconsin, where economic losses from fruit rot occur sporadically, many growers forego fungicide sprays, but if faced with a serious fruit rot outbreak they then spray fungicides intensively the following year to prevent a recurrence of disease. This recommendation is based on the untested assumption that left unchecked, fruit rot incidence will increase and that the predominant fruit rot pathogens will persist from one year to the next. Field studies conducted over 3 years showed that in New Jersey fruit rot incidence increased or remained high and fruit rot pathogens persisted from one year to the next. By contrast, in Wisconsin fruit rot incidence decreased or remained low, and the persistence of pathogens was inconsistent from one year to the next. Thus, in Wisconsin, fruit rot incidence and fungal species present in one year do not reliably predict the disease situation in the following year, a finding that should be considered when planning fungicide spray programs.

The frequency of occurrence of pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi in pea seeds in different regions of Poland

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Pszczó³ Kowska ◽  
Adam Okorski ◽  
Gabriel Fordoñski ◽  
Agnieszka Faligowska ◽  
Ewa Kaszkowiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Saprotrophic Fungi ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Fusarium Fungi

Field pea seeds (cv. Tarchalska) grown in different regions of Poland (Warmia and Mazury, Wielkopolska, Kujawy) were subjected to mycological analyses. Simpson’s dominance index (DI) was used in the study to determine the abundance of each fungal species in the fungal communities isolated from seeds. PCR analyses were carried out with the use of species-specific primers for Fusarium fungi isolated from pea seeds to identify Tri genes responsible for trichothecene synthesis in the growing seasons of 2011, 2012 and 2013.Saprotrophic species predominated on pea seeds cv. Tarchalska grown in various Polish regions, whereas the isolated fungal pathogens were represented by species of the genus Fusarium and Botrytis cinerea. Genes encoding the synthesis of trichothecenes, the mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi, were not identified in the PCR analysis. In the group of peas grown in three Polish regions (Warmia and Mazury, Wielkopolska, Kujawy), the highest level of fungal colonization was noted in the pea seeds harvested in Warmia and Mazury.

scholarly journals Post-translational regulation of autophagy is involved in intra-microbiome suppression of fungal pathogens

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Chaoyun Xu ◽  
Qiming Sun ◽  
Jinrong Xu ◽  
Yunrong Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Autophagy Induction ◽  
Histone Acetyltransferase Gcn5 ◽  
Plant Microbiota ◽  
Autophagic Process

Abstract Background Microbiome interactions are important determinants for ecosystem functioning, stability, and health. In previous studies, it was often observed that bacteria suppress potentially pathogenic fungal species that are part of the same plant microbiota; however, the underlying microbe-microbe interplay remains mostly elusive. Here, we explored antagonistic interactions of the fungus Fusarium graminearum and bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus at the molecular level. Both are ubiquitous members of the healthy wheat microbiota; under dysbiosis, the fungus causes devastating diseases. Results In co-cultures, we found that Streptomyces alters the fungal acetylome leading to substantial induction of fungal autophagy. The bacterium secrets rapamycin to inactivate the target of rapamycin (TOR), which subsequently promotes the degradation of the fungal histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 through the 26S proteasome. Gcn5 negatively regulates fungal autophagy by acetylating the autophagy-related protein Atg8 at the lysine site K13 and blocking cellular relocalization of Atg8. Thus, degradation of Gcn5 triggered by rapamycin was found to reduce Atg8 acetylation, resulting in autophagy induction in F. graminearum. Conclusions Autophagy homeostasis plays an essential role in fungal growth and competition, as well as for virulence. Our work reveals a novel post-translational regulation of autophagy initiated by a bacterial antibiotic. Rapamycin was shown to be a powerful modulator of bacteria–fungi interactions with potential importance in explaining microbial homeostasis in healthy plant microbiomes. The autophagic process provides novel possibilities and targets to biologically control pathogens.

scholarly journals Mitotic Recombination and Adaptive Genomic Changes in Human Pathogenic Fungi

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asiya Gusa ◽  
Sue Jinks-Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Break Site ◽  
Repair Mechanisms

Genome rearrangements and ploidy alterations are important for adaptive change in the pathogenic fungal species Candida and Cryptococcus, which propagate primarily through clonal, asexual reproduction. These changes can occur during mitotic growth and lead to enhanced virulence, drug resistance, and persistence in chronic infections. Examples of microevolution during the course of infection were described in both human infections and mouse models. Recent discoveries defining the role of sexual, parasexual, and unisexual cycles in the evolution of these pathogenic fungi further expanded our understanding of the diversity found in and between species. During mitotic growth, damage to DNA in the form of double-strand breaks (DSBs) is repaired, and genome integrity is restored by the homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining pathways. In addition to faithful repair, these pathways can introduce minor sequence alterations at the break site or lead to more extensive genetic alterations that include loss of heterozygosity, inversions, duplications, deletions, and translocations. In particular, the prevalence of repetitive sequences in fungal genomes provides opportunities for structural rearrangements to be generated by non-allelic (ectopic) recombination. In this review, we describe DSB repair mechanisms and the types of resulting genome alterations that were documented in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The relevance of similar recombination events to stress- and drug-related adaptations and in generating species diversity are discussed for the human fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans.

scholarly journals Influence of lignin content in soybean seed coat on the incidence of the storage fungus Aspergillus flavus

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ísis Barreto Dantas ◽  
João Almir de Oliveira ◽  
Heloisa Oliveira dos Santos ◽  
Édila Vilela Resende Von Pinho ◽  
Sttela Dellyzete Veiga Franco da Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Seed Health ◽  
Physiological Quality

Seed quality may be affected by several factors, including permeability, color, and lignin content in the seed coat. This study aimed at evaluating influence of lignin content in the tegument of seed samples of six different soybean cultivars, in which half of each sample was inoculated with the fungus Aspergillus flavus, on the physical and physiological quality, and on the seed health, during 180 days storage period, under cold chamber with controlled conditions of temperature and RH. For that, at each interval of 60 days, samples were removed, and the physiological quality of these seeds was assessed by means of moisture and lignin contents; and by tests of seed health, germination, and electrical conductivity. The moisture content of seeds remained constant during all storage period. In the seed health test, it was found that inoculation was efficient, once the minimum incidence of the fungus in the inoculated seeds was 85%. In the germination test, there was a trend of reduction on percentage germination with the increase in storage period. However, there was an increase on electrical conductivity of seeds assessed. It was concluded that there is no interference of the lignin content in the seed coat on the resistance to infection by the fungus Aspergillus flavus, even after seed storage for a period of 180 days.

scholarly journals Epidemiology, Clinical Profile and Treatment Outcomes of Bacterial and Fungal Keratitis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabila Mabrouk ◽  
Mohamed Abdelkader ◽  
Mohamed Abdelhakeem ◽  
Khaled Mourad ◽  
Ahmed Abdelghany
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Fungal Keratitis ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Clinical Series ◽  
Vegetative Matter ◽  
Department Faculty

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine the microbiological aetiology, epidemiological factors, and clinical profile and treatment outcomes of infective keratitis in Ophthalmology department, Minia University. EgyptMethods:Prospective, non-randomized, observational clinical series of cases, including 150 patients with mean age 30 (range 12 to 85 years), 90 patients (60 %) were males and 60 (40%) were females, clinically diagnosed as infective corneal ulcer, attending the Ophthalmology Department – Faculty of Medicine. Minia University, Minia, Egypt. From 2018 to 2020.Detailed history taking and all clinical findings were collected. Corneal scrapings were obtained from patients and subjected to staining and culture for bacterial and fungal pathogens; Bacterial and fungal growth were identified by standard laboratory procedures.Results:Corneal trauma by a vegetative matter was the commesnest risk factor associated with infective keratitis in 92 cases (61.3%). Smear and Culture was positive in 83 cases (58.4%) of 142 corneal scrapings obtained, of which 60 cases were fungal (72.3%), 21 cases were bacterial (25.3%) and 2 cases were mixed bacterial and fungal (2.4%), Aspergillus species was the commonest fungal species isolated in fungal keratitis. 142 cases (94.67 %) healed completely with scar. Only 6 cases (4%) required evisceration due to aggressive presentation from the start and keratoplasty was performed for 2 cases (1.33%).Conclusions:Fungal keratitis was the commonest type in cases attending to our department. Adequate diagnosis, management and follow up helped in achieving high successful curative outcomes. Clinical Trials.gov ID: NCT04894630. Time of registration 1 December 2018

scholarly journals Annual variations in the microflora of some varieties of Finnish malting barley

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-418
Author(s):  
Tapani Tuominen ◽  
Heikki Rosenqvist
Keyword(s):  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Average Rainfall ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Three major Finnish malting barley varieties were studied for annual variations in the incidence of seed-derived fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes. In 1990-1992, 114 characterized fungal, 59 uncharacterized bacterial and 12 uncharacterized actinomycetal isolates were extracted from samples of seed intended for use in malting. When the yield of the plant hormone, indole-3-acetic acid (lAA), from enriched microbial cultures was weighed against the microbial biomass and the endogenous lAA concentration of the barley harvests, it was concluded that potential exists for bacterial lAA production in biologically significant amounts, given some minor annual variations. As expected from the average rainfall and temperature during the growing season, microbial counts in all cultivars were highest in 1992. Most of the fungal species found were of saphrophytic character, and field fungi were dominant in the samples. On the whole, microbial counts and spectra in all samples confirmed that each harvest of all cultivars was of good vigour and well suited for malting purposes. Strains of plant pathogenic character included species of Septoria nodorum (Berk) Berk, Drechlera teres (Sacc) Subraim & Jain, D. sorokiniana (Sacc) Subram & Jain and D. graminea (Rab.) Shoem. A consistent difference was noted in the microbial infection severities of the cultivars.

scholarly journals Identification of the Fungal Pathogens of Postharvest Disease on Peach Fruits and the Control Mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis JK-14

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuwu Zhang ◽  
Qi Zheng ◽  
Bingliang Xu ◽  
Jia Liu
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Mechanisms

Postharvest fungal disease is one of the significant factors that limits the storage period and marketing life of peaches, and even result in serious economic losses worldwide. Biological control using microbial antagonists has been explored as an alternative approach for the management of postharvest disease of fruits. However, there is little information available regarding to the identification the fungal pathogen species that cause the postharvest peach diseases and the potential and mechanisms of using the Bacillus subtilis JK-14 to control postharvest peach diseases. In the present study, a total of six fungal isolates were isolated from peach fruits, and the isolates of Alternaria tenuis and Botrytis cinerea exhibited the highest pathogenicity and virulence on the host of mature peaches. In the culture plates, the strain of B. subtilis JK-14 showed the significant antagonistic activity against the growth of A. tenuis and B. cinerea with the inhibitory rates of 81.32% and 83.45% at 5 days after incubation, respectively. Peach fruits treated with different formulations of B. subtilis JK-14 significantly reduced the mean disease incidences and lesion diameters of A. tenuis and B. cinerea. The greatest mean percent reduction of the disease incidences (81.99% and 71.34%) and lesion diameters (82.80% and 73.57%) of A. tenuis and B. cinerea were obtained at the concentration of 1 × 107 CFU mL−1 (colony forming unit, CFU). Treatment with the strain of B. subtilis JK-14 effectively enhanced the activity of the antioxidant enzymes-superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in A. tenuis and B. cinerea inoculated peach fruits. As such, the average activities of SOD, POD and CAT were increased by 36.56%, 17.63% and 20.35%, respectively, compared to the sterile water treatment. Our results indicate that the isolates of A. tenuis and B. cinerea are the main pathogens that cause the postharvest peach diseases, and the strain of B. subtilis JK-14 can be considered as an environmentally-safe biological control agent for the management of postharvest fruits diseases. We propose the possible mechanisms of the strain of B. subtilis JK-14 in controlling of postharvest peach diseases.

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