scholarly journals Genetic Response of Common Bean to the Inoculation with Indigenous Fusarium Isolates

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Alejandra J. Porteous-Álvarez ◽  
Sara Mayo-Prieto ◽  
Samuel Álvarez-García ◽  
Bonifacio Reinoso ◽  
Pedro A. Casquero
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Genetic Response ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Soil Borne Pathogens ◽  
Biocontrol Activity ◽  
Systemic Responses ◽  
New Strategies

Fungal species from the genus Fusarium are important soil-borne pathogens worldwide, causing significant economic losses in diverse crops. The need to find sustainable solutions against this disease has led to the development of new strategies—for instance, the use of biocontrol agents. In this regard, non-pathogenic Fusarium isolates have demonstrated their ability to help other plants withstand subsequent pathogen attacks. In the present work, several Fusarium isolates were evaluated in climatic chambers to identify those presenting low or non-pathogenic behavior. The inoculation with a low-pathogenic isolate of the fungus did not affect the development of the plant, contrary to the results observed in plants inoculated with pathogenic isolates. The expression of defense-related genes was evaluated and compared between plants inoculated with pathogenic and low-pathogenic Fusarium isolates. Low-pathogenic isolates caused a general downregulation of several plant defense-related genes, while pathogenic ones produced an upregulation of these genes. This kind of response to low-pathogenic fungal isolates has been already described for other plant species and fungal pathogens, being related to enhanced tolerance to later pathogen attacks. The results here presented suggest that low-pathogenic F. oxysporum and F. solani isolates may have potential biocontrol activity against bean pathogens via induced and systemic responses in the plant.

scholarly journals Malting barley seed health depending on different fungicide treatment

2012 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-187
Author(s):  
Barbara Majchrzak ◽  
Bogdan Dubis ◽  
Adam Okorski
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Pathogenic Species ◽  
Malting Barley ◽  
Fungicide Treatment ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Seed Health

Field studies were carried out in the 2004 - 2005 growing seasons. The mycological analysis of malting barley (varieties Prestige and Sezam) grains was performed twice: on seeds stored for 30 days and on seeds stored for five months. The influence of fungicide treatment on species diversity and the amount of fungal pathogens on kernels of both varieties of malting barley were determined in the studies. Main fungal pathogens of both varieties of malting barley were field fungal species, such as: <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, <i>Epicocum purpurascens</i>, and fungi of the genus Fusarium. The extension of the grain storage period to five months resulted in an increased share of pathogenic species.

scholarly journals Year-to-Year Incidence of Cranberry Fruit Rot and Persistence of Fungal Pathogens

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay D. Wells-Hansen ◽  
Patricia S. McManus
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Consistent Basis ◽  
One Year ◽  
Management Recommendations

Cranberry fruit rot is a disease complex comprised of as many as 15 fungal species. Current management recommendations are to spray broad-spectrum fungicides every year in regions such as New Jersey where fruit rot incidence is high on a consistent basis. By contrast, in regions such as Wisconsin, where economic losses from fruit rot occur sporadically, many growers forego fungicide sprays, but if faced with a serious fruit rot outbreak they then spray fungicides intensively the following year to prevent a recurrence of disease. This recommendation is based on the untested assumption that left unchecked, fruit rot incidence will increase and that the predominant fruit rot pathogens will persist from one year to the next. Field studies conducted over 3 years showed that in New Jersey fruit rot incidence increased or remained high and fruit rot pathogens persisted from one year to the next. By contrast, in Wisconsin fruit rot incidence decreased or remained low, and the persistence of pathogens was inconsistent from one year to the next. Thus, in Wisconsin, fruit rot incidence and fungal species present in one year do not reliably predict the disease situation in the following year, a finding that should be considered when planning fungicide spray programs.

scholarly journals Alternative Molecular-Based Diagnostic Methods of Plant Pathogenic Fungi Affecting Berry Crops—A Review

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Malarczyk ◽  
Jacek Panek ◽  
Magdalena Frąc
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
Organic Cultivation ◽  
Berry Crops ◽  
Harmful Effects

Increasing consumer awareness of potentially harmful pesticides used in conventional agriculture has prompted organic farming to become notably more prevalent in recent decades. Central European countries are some of the most important producers of blueberries, raspberries and strawberries in the world and organic cultivation methods for these fruits have a significant market share. Fungal pathogens are considered to be the most significant threat to organic crops of berries, causing serious economic losses and reducing yields. In order to ameliorate the harmful effects of pathogenic fungi on cultivations, the application of rapid and effective identification methods is essential. At present, various molecular methods are applied for fungal species recognition, such as PCR, qPCR, LAMP and NGS.

scholarly journals Grapevine Trunk Diseases in British Columbia: Incidence and Characterization of the Fungal Pathogens Associated with Black Foot Disease of Grapevine

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Úrbez-Torres ◽  
P. Haag ◽  
P. Bowen ◽  
D. T. O'Gorman
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Foot Disease ◽  
Black Foot ◽  
Black Foot Disease

Black foot disease of grapevines, caused by several fungal species in the genera Campylocarpon, Cylindrocarpon, Cylindrocladiella, and Ilyonectria, causes significant economic losses to the grapevine industry worldwide. This study represents the first attempt to identify and characterize the fungal pathogens associated with black foot disease of grapevines in British Columbia (BC). Field surveys conducted throughout all grape-growing regions in BC that included assessment of foliar symptomatology and isolations from symptomatic vines showed Cylindrocarpon/Ilyonectria spp. occurred in 32 of 90 (35.5%) young vineyards surveyed (≤8 year old) and in 41 of 215 (19%) samples collected. In 20 of the 41 (48.8%) samples, Cylindrocarpon/Ilyonectria spp. were the sole fungi isolated from symptomatic tissue. In the rest of the samples, black foot fungi were found to primarily coexist with fungal taxa associated with Petri disease of grapevines. Colony and conidia phenotypical characterization, along with DNA analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of the rDNA, and part of the β-tubulin and translation elongation factor 1-α genes, revealed five different black foot fungi occurring in declining young vines in BC, namely Cylindrocarpon pauciseptatum, Ilyonectria liriodendri, Ilyonectria macrodidyma, Ilyonectria robusta, and Ilyonectria torresensis. Pathogenicity studies showed all five species to be highly virulent in the grapevine rootstock cultivar 3309C. Overall, I. liriodendri and I. macrodidyma were the most virulent species when inoculated in Vitis vinifera ‘Chardonnay’ and rootstock 3309C.

scholarly journals Post-translational regulation of autophagy is involved in intra-microbiome suppression of fungal pathogens

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Chaoyun Xu ◽  
Qiming Sun ◽  
Jinrong Xu ◽  
Yunrong Chai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Autophagy Induction ◽  
Histone Acetyltransferase Gcn5 ◽  
Plant Microbiota ◽  
Autophagic Process

Abstract Background Microbiome interactions are important determinants for ecosystem functioning, stability, and health. In previous studies, it was often observed that bacteria suppress potentially pathogenic fungal species that are part of the same plant microbiota; however, the underlying microbe-microbe interplay remains mostly elusive. Here, we explored antagonistic interactions of the fungus Fusarium graminearum and bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus at the molecular level. Both are ubiquitous members of the healthy wheat microbiota; under dysbiosis, the fungus causes devastating diseases. Results In co-cultures, we found that Streptomyces alters the fungal acetylome leading to substantial induction of fungal autophagy. The bacterium secrets rapamycin to inactivate the target of rapamycin (TOR), which subsequently promotes the degradation of the fungal histone acetyltransferase Gcn5 through the 26S proteasome. Gcn5 negatively regulates fungal autophagy by acetylating the autophagy-related protein Atg8 at the lysine site K13 and blocking cellular relocalization of Atg8. Thus, degradation of Gcn5 triggered by rapamycin was found to reduce Atg8 acetylation, resulting in autophagy induction in F. graminearum. Conclusions Autophagy homeostasis plays an essential role in fungal growth and competition, as well as for virulence. Our work reveals a novel post-translational regulation of autophagy initiated by a bacterial antibiotic. Rapamycin was shown to be a powerful modulator of bacteria–fungi interactions with potential importance in explaining microbial homeostasis in healthy plant microbiomes. The autophagic process provides novel possibilities and targets to biologically control pathogens.

scholarly journals Innovative passive reinforcements for the gradual stabilization of a landslide according with the observational method

Landslides ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Brezzi ◽  
Alberto Bisson ◽  
Davide Pasa ◽  
Simonetta Cola
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Observational Method ◽  
Rainy Period ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Set Up

AbstractA large number of landslides occur in North-Eastern Italy during every rainy period due to the particular hydrogeological conditions of this area. Even if there are no casualties, the economic losses are often significant, and municipalities frequently do not have sufficient financial resources to repair the damage and stabilize all the unstable slopes. In this regard, the research for more economically sustainable solutions is a crucial challenge. Floating composite anchors are an innovative and low-cost technique set up for slope stabilization: it consists in the use of passive sub-horizontal reinforcements, obtained by coupling a traditional self-drilling bar with some tendons cemented inside it. This work concerns the application of this technique according to the observational method described within the Italian and European technical codes and mainly recommended for the design of geotechnical works, especially when performed in highly uncertain site conditions. The observational method prescribes designing an intervention and, at the same time, using a monitoring system in order to correct and adapt the project during realization of the works on the basis of new data acquired while on site. The case study is the landslide of Cischele, a medium landslide which occurred in 2010 after an exceptional heavy rainy period. In 2015, some floating composite anchors were installed to slow down the movement, even if, due to a limited budget, they were not enough to ensure the complete stabilization of the slope. Thanks to a monitoring system installed in the meantime, it is now possible to have a comparison between the site conditions before and after the intervention. This allows the evaluation of benefits achieved with the reinforcements and, at the same time, the assessment of additional improvements. Two stabilization scenarios are studied through an FE model: the first includes the stabilization system built in 2015, while the second evaluates a new solution proposed to further increase the slope stability.

scholarly journals Mitotic Recombination and Adaptive Genomic Changes in Human Pathogenic Fungi

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asiya Gusa ◽  
Sue Jinks-Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Break Site ◽  
Repair Mechanisms

Genome rearrangements and ploidy alterations are important for adaptive change in the pathogenic fungal species Candida and Cryptococcus, which propagate primarily through clonal, asexual reproduction. These changes can occur during mitotic growth and lead to enhanced virulence, drug resistance, and persistence in chronic infections. Examples of microevolution during the course of infection were described in both human infections and mouse models. Recent discoveries defining the role of sexual, parasexual, and unisexual cycles in the evolution of these pathogenic fungi further expanded our understanding of the diversity found in and between species. During mitotic growth, damage to DNA in the form of double-strand breaks (DSBs) is repaired, and genome integrity is restored by the homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining pathways. In addition to faithful repair, these pathways can introduce minor sequence alterations at the break site or lead to more extensive genetic alterations that include loss of heterozygosity, inversions, duplications, deletions, and translocations. In particular, the prevalence of repetitive sequences in fungal genomes provides opportunities for structural rearrangements to be generated by non-allelic (ectopic) recombination. In this review, we describe DSB repair mechanisms and the types of resulting genome alterations that were documented in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The relevance of similar recombination events to stress- and drug-related adaptations and in generating species diversity are discussed for the human fungal pathogens Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans.

scholarly journals RNAi of a Putative Grapevine Susceptibility Gene as a Possible Downy Mildew Control Strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demetrio Marcianò ◽  
Valentina Ricciardi ◽  
Elena Marone Fassolo ◽  
Alessandro Passera ◽  
Piero Attilio Bianco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Susceptibility Gene ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Reproductive Structures

Downy mildew, caused by the oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is one of the diseases causing the most severe economic losses to grapevine (Vitis vinifera) production. To date, the application of fungicides is the most efficient method to control the pathogen and the implementation of novel and sustainable disease control methods is a major challenge. RNA interference (RNAi) represents a novel biotechnological tool with a great potential for controlling fungal pathogens. Recently, a candidate susceptibility gene (VviLBDIf7) to downy mildew has been identified in V. vinifera. In this work, the efficacy of RNAi triggered by exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in controlling P. viticola infections has been assessed in a highly susceptible grapevine cultivar (Pinot noir) by knocking down VviLBDIf7 gene. The effects of dsRNA treatment on this target gene were assessed by evaluating gene expression, disease severity, and development of vegetative and reproductive structures of P. viticola in the leaf tissues. Furthermore, the effects of dsRNA treatment on off-target (EF1α, GAPDH, PEPC, and PEPCK) and jasmonic acid metabolism (COI1) genes have been evaluated. Exogenous application of dsRNA led to significant reductions both in VviLBDIf7 gene expression, 5 days after the treatment, and in the disease severity when artificial inoculation was carried out 7 days after dsRNA treatments. The pathogen showed clear alterations to both vegetative (hyphae and haustoria) and reproductive structures (sporangiophores) that resulted in stunted growth and reduced sporulation. Treatment with dsRNA showed signatures of systemic activity and no deleterious off-target effects. These results demonstrated the potential of RNAi for silencing susceptibility factors in grapevine as a sustainable strategy for pathogen control, underlying the possibility to adopt this promising biotechnological tool in disease management strategies.

scholarly journals Alternaria spp. IN FOODS: MYCOTOXINS, CELLULAR DAMAGE AND POSSIBLE HEALTH RISK

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (30) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
F. P. de ANDRADE JUNIOR ◽  
T. W. B. ALVES ◽  
M. H. P. de LIRA ◽  
M. E. da S. MENEZES ◽  
I. O. LIMA
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Teratogenic Action ◽  
Species Being

The genus Alternaria is composed of filamentous, dematiaceous, saprophytic and pathogenic fungal species, being responsible for great economic losses during the harvest and food storage. The present study aimed to do a bibliographical survey about the main foods contaminated by Alternaria spp. as well as discuss possible health risks arising from cell damage caused by mycotoxins. It is a literature narrative type review, carried out using Medline/Pubmed, Lilacs, Scielo and Science Direct databases, utilizing documents published between years 2000 and 2017 approaching food contamination by Alternaria spp. A wide diversity of foods contaminated by species of the genus Alternaria was found in literature, with a greater emphasis on cereals, fruits and vegetables. This possible contamination may favor the development of mycotoxins that in their great majority present genotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, cytotoxic and teratogenic action. However, due to a large variety of contaminated foods, that is a necessity to adapt Brazilian legislation regarding parameters that impose limits on the amount of mycotoxins produced by Alternaria spp. since the national legislation does not encompass limits for all types of toxins that this genus is capable of producing.

scholarly journals Epidemiology, Clinical Profile and Treatment Outcomes of Bacterial and Fungal Keratitis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabila Mabrouk ◽  
Mohamed Abdelkader ◽  
Mohamed Abdelhakeem ◽  
Khaled Mourad ◽  
Ahmed Abdelghany
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Fungal Keratitis ◽  
Clinical Profile ◽  
Clinical Series ◽  
Vegetative Matter ◽  
Department Faculty

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the study is to determine the microbiological aetiology, epidemiological factors, and clinical profile and treatment outcomes of infective keratitis in Ophthalmology department, Minia University. EgyptMethods:Prospective, non-randomized, observational clinical series of cases, including 150 patients with mean age 30 (range 12 to 85 years), 90 patients (60 %) were males and 60 (40%) were females, clinically diagnosed as infective corneal ulcer, attending the Ophthalmology Department – Faculty of Medicine. Minia University, Minia, Egypt. From 2018 to 2020.Detailed history taking and all clinical findings were collected. Corneal scrapings were obtained from patients and subjected to staining and culture for bacterial and fungal pathogens; Bacterial and fungal growth were identified by standard laboratory procedures.Results:Corneal trauma by a vegetative matter was the commesnest risk factor associated with infective keratitis in 92 cases (61.3%). Smear and Culture was positive in 83 cases (58.4%) of 142 corneal scrapings obtained, of which 60 cases were fungal (72.3%), 21 cases were bacterial (25.3%) and 2 cases were mixed bacterial and fungal (2.4%), Aspergillus species was the commonest fungal species isolated in fungal keratitis. 142 cases (94.67 %) healed completely with scar. Only 6 cases (4%) required evisceration due to aggressive presentation from the start and keratoplasty was performed for 2 cases (1.33%).Conclusions:Fungal keratitis was the commonest type in cases attending to our department. Adequate diagnosis, management and follow up helped in achieving high successful curative outcomes. Clinical Trials.gov ID: NCT04894630. Time of registration 1 December 2018

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document