scholarly journals The evaluation of winter wheat roots and leaf sheath diseases diagnostic methods

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Ewa Solarska ◽  
Magdalena Grudzińska
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Pseudocercosporella Herpotrichoides ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Wheat Leaf

The maltose and mineral media for isolation of <i>Gaeumannomyces graminis</i> from roots were assessed. The differences in numbers of obtained isolates were found depending on the medium used and sampling date. Easier identification of pathogen was possible employing maltose medium. The fungi from genus <i>Fusarium</i> occurring on winter wheat leaf sheaths were identified by mycological analysis and PCR, while the fungus <i>Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides</i> was detected by PCR and ELISA methods. PCR and ELISA methods enabled to detect pathogens also in periods before the disease symptoms on plants occurred.

Fungal communities in winter wheat roots following crop rotations suppressive and nonsuppressive to take-all

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Sturz ◽  
C. C. Bernier
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Spring Canola ◽  
Microdochium Bolleyi ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis Var Tritici ◽  
Principal Species

Mycofloral communities colonizing winter wheat roots were quantified in five crop sequences involving winter wheat preceded by either spring wheat, spring oats, spring barley, spring canola, or flax. Fungi were categorized into groups (major pathogenic, minor pathogenic, and nonpathogenic) based on their ability to cause root disease. Forty-six species of fungi were identified, of which the principal species were Alternaria alternata, Fusarium acuminatum, and Microdochium bolleyi. Isolates from the genus Fusarium formed the largest proportion of the mycofloral community. Fungal species that comprised root-colonizing communities were generally the same, and there were no significant differences in the total numbers of fungal species and isolates recovered in any of the crop sequences examined. However, the ratio of major pathogenic isolates to other isolates (minor pathogenic and nonpathogenic) was significantly different (in 1985) and a trend towards lower levels of root disease with decreasing ratios was seen. The most destructive of the root rot pathogens identified was Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Generally, the lowest ratio of major pathogenic to all other isolates and the lowest levels of root disease and root colonization (expressed as numbers of fungal isolates and species recovered) occurred in sequences involving flax and canola.

A comparison of management regimes for one-year rotational set-aside within a sequence of winter wheat crops, and of growing wheat without interruption. 3. Effects on diseases

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. JENKYN ◽  
R. J. GUTTERIDGE ◽  
A. D. TODD
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Foot Rot ◽  
Pseudocercosporella Herpotrichoides ◽  
Apparent Absence ◽  
Sharp Eyespot ◽  
Management Regimes ◽  
One Year ◽  
Brown Foot Rot ◽  
Take All

Different management regimes for 1-year rotational set-aside were tested in three experiments that followed winter wheat and started in autumn 1988–90. The regimes included operations that prevented the establishment of volunteers or allowed them to establish and persist until either spring or summer, and also altered the distribution of debris from the winter wheat that preceded the set-aside. For comparison, treatments in the set-aside year also included winter wheat.Samples taken in spring from the first test crop showed that there were few significant or consistent effects on leaf diseases of growing the wheat after different set-aside treatments or after winter wheat. There were significant effects of the set-aside treatments on root and stem base diseases but some of the effects, and the apparent absence of others, are not easily reconciled with current understanding of the biology of the pathogens concerned. In summer, eyespot (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides) was most severe after winter wheat and least severe after ryegrass. Severity after the other set-aside treatments did not differ significantly. There was more sharp eyespot (Rhizoctonia cerealis) in plots that had been ploughed at the start of the set-aside year, including those sown with winter wheat, than in those that had not. Brown foot rot (Fusarium spp.) was equally severe where the wheat followed wheat or where it followed set-aside treatments that allowed volunteers to develop, and less so where the development of volunteers was prevented. Take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) was most severe after winter wheat and more severe after set-aside treatments that allowed volunteers to develop and survive through the winter than after those that did not. Effects of ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) on take-all in the following wheat were particularly variable, perhaps because ryegrass is a host of both the take-all fungus and of Phialophora graminicola, one of its principal antagonists.

Alterations in cell walls of winter wheat roots during low temperature acclimation

1998 ◽  
Vol 152 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 473-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey I. Zabotin ◽  
Tatyana S. Barisheva ◽  
Olga A. Zabotina ◽  
Irina A. Larskaya ◽  
Vera V. Lozovaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Wheat Roots

scholarly journals Use of polimerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides in winter wheat cultivated in different production systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-317
Author(s):  
Ewa Solarska ◽  
Magdalena Grudzińska
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Production System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Ecological System ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Pseudocercosporella Herpotrichoides ◽  
Chain Reaction

<i>Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides</i> was detected by PCR in winter wheat cultivated in different production systems in 2000 and 2001. In all tested systems only pathotype R of pathogen was detected. Detection of fungus depended on production system and weather conditions. Pathogen was not detected in both tested cultivars only in ecological system but only in season with less favourable conditions for disease development

scholarly journals Virus and virus-like diseases of grapevine in Hungary

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lázár ◽  
Gy. D. Bisztray
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
The World

Viruses and viroids are submicroscopic infectious particles which can cause disease symptoms on grapevine. These parasites are depending completely on the energy metabolism of the plant cell. To enter the host cell plant viruses depend on injuries or on transmission via invertebrates (insects, nematodes, etc.). Viruses are classified by many characters including particle morphology, host range and information content of the genome. At present about 70 viruses including 7 viroids infecting grapevine are known. In single or mixed infections they are potentially detrimental to the quality and quantity of grape production in any growing area of the world. Some viruses can cause severe economic damage in vineyards. In Hungary many important viruses and viroids have been detected in grape. This review summarises characteristics of viruses and the results of detection and characterization of virus and virus like diseases of grapevine in Hungary. The identification of the causal agent, its transmission, geographical distribution and the development of the diagnostic methods are also discussed.

Tillage and farming system affect AM fungus populations, mycorrhizal formation, and nutrient uptake by winter wheat in a high-P soil

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 152-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa Galvez ◽  
David D. Douds ◽  
Peggy Wagoner
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Conventional Agriculture ◽  
Low Input

AbstractWe conducted a field study at the Rodale Institute Experimental Farm, Kutztown, Pennsylvania, in a high-P soil to examine the interaction of farming system and tillage on the potential functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Plots under conventional and low-input systems were either chisel-disked or no-tilled. Winter wheat was planted following the harvest of soybean, and shoots and roots were collected at tillering, jointing, heading, and ripening. Spores of AM fungi were isolated from soil collected at the beginning and end of the growing season. Spore populations and colonization of winter wheat roots by AM fungi were higher under low-input than conventional agriculture. Mycorrhizal fungus colonization occurred at low levels in the tillering stage and increased with plant development. Colonization during the jointing stage was higher in the low-input, no-tilled than in low-input, chisel-disked plots. Spore populations of theGlomus occultum-type group were more numerous in no-tilled than in tilled soil. The nutrient-use efficiency (g of plant biomass per g of plant N or P) of winter wheat depended on plant developmental stage, with a tendency for higher efficiency of the low-input plants at early growth stages, and of conventionally managed plants at more mature stages. Overall, plants grown in chisel-disked plots had higher N and P utilization efficiencies than plants grown in no-tilled plots. Final yield of grain was significantly greater in conventional than low-input plots, especially for no-till, despite the larger population of AM fungi.

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