scholarly journals Use of polimerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides in winter wheat cultivated in different production systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-317
Author(s):  
Ewa Solarska ◽  
Magdalena Grudzińska
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Production System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Ecological System ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Pseudocercosporella Herpotrichoides ◽  
Chain Reaction

<i>Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides</i> was detected by PCR in winter wheat cultivated in different production systems in 2000 and 2001. In all tested systems only pathotype R of pathogen was detected. Detection of fungus depended on production system and weather conditions. Pathogen was not detected in both tested cultivars only in ecological system but only in season with less favourable conditions for disease development

scholarly journals Immunodiagnosis of eyespot disease in winter wheat cultivated in different production systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-270
Author(s):  
Ewa Solarska ◽  
Urszula Skomra
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Production System ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Disease Assessment ◽  
Pseudocercosporella Herpotrichoides ◽  
Eyespot Disease ◽  
Conventional Production ◽  
Elisa Technique

The aim of the study carried out in the years 2001-2003 was to determine the occurrence of <i>Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides</i> in winter wheat cultivated in different production systems using traditional visible disease assessment and ELISA technique. Pathogen was detected by ELISA test in all years of the study and attained highest level in 2003. The greatest quantities of <i>Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides</i> were observed in integrated system and monoculture and significantly lower in conventional production system.

scholarly journals Yield Loss Caused by Bacterial Streak in Winter Wheat

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 609-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Tillman ◽  
W. S. Kursell ◽  
S. A. Harrison ◽  
J. S. Russin
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Field Plot ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Field Plots

The relationship between severity of bacterial streak and yield in winter wheat was studied in field plots and using a single-tiller method. Regression analysis from single-tiller studies showed that the grain weight per spike decreased as bacterial streak severity increased in cvs. Florida 304 and Savannah. The number of kernels per spike decreased as bacterial streak severity increased in Savannah but not in Florida 304. There was no difference in slope of the regression line between different years, locations, or cultivars for grain weight per spike. However, grain weight per spike at 0% bacterial streak (intercept) was different for different years, locations, and cultivars. The average reduction in grain weight per spike was 0.012 g for every 1% increase in bacterial streak severity. Using this relationship for cv. Savannah, average bacterial streak severity of 10% would result in about a 9% reduction in the grain weight per spike. In Florida 304, bacterial streak severity of 10% would result in about a 7% reduction in the grain weight per spike. During 1993-94, the largest difference in bacterial streak severity between inoculated and noninoculated plots was 4% in cv. Pioneer 2548, and the smallest difference was less than 1% in cvs. Terral 101 and Florida 304. There were no yield differences between inoculated and noninoculated treatments for any genotype. In field plot studies at two locations during 1989-90, bacterial streak severity did not differ between inoculated and noninoculated plots in Alexandria, Louisiana; but in Winnsboro, Louisiana, bacterial streak severity was 18 to 40% in inoculated plots and less than 5% in noninoculated plots. Differences in yield between inoculated and noninoculated plots ranged from 1,370 kg/ha (24% loss) to -121 kg/ha in Winns-boro. During the three seasons in which these studies were conducted, bacterial streak severity averaged about 10% or less in susceptible cultivars in all experiments except one. Based on the relationships derived from single-tiller studies, this suggests that yield loss is likely to be low most years. As indicated by the experiment in Winnsboro, however, more severe yield reductions could occur in a susceptible cultivar if weather conditions are favorable for disease development.

scholarly journals Comparison of Two Different Management Practices under Organic Farming System

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1466
Author(s):  
Jiří Antošovský ◽  
Martin Prudil ◽  
Milan Gruber ◽  
Pavel Ryant
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Production System ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Organic Fertilizers

Organic farmers usually do not have the opportunity to address the actual symptoms of deficiency through the foliar application of synthetic fertilization, therefore, the main treatment is realized by green manure crop cultivation and application of organic fertilizers. The aim of this long-term experiment was to compare two different production systems with and without livestock in terms of organic farming, and a control variant with no fertilization was also included (treatment 1). The production system without animal husbandry was based on solely the application of renewable external resources (compost or digestate) (treatment 2) and the same fertilization with the addition of auxiliary substances (AS) (treatment 3). The production system with animal husbandry included utilization of fertilizers produced on the farm (fermented urine or manure) using solely farm fertilizers (treatment 4) and in addition with AS (treatment 5). Each treatment had three replications. This work describes the average yields from four experimental years and five experimental localities. Winter wheat, potatoes, winter wheat spelt and legume-cereal mix with corn were used and examined as model crops during the first four years of this long-term research. The highest average yield of winter wheat grain and potato tubers during the first two years of the experiment were obtained after the treatments 2 (7.1 t/ha grain, 33,9 t/ha tubers) and 3 (7.0 t/ha grain, 34,1 t/ha tubers). The several times higher nitrogen content in applied digestate and compost in comparison with fermented urine and manure was probably the reason for such results. On the contrary, the results obtained from the third (spelt) and fourth (LCM and corn) experimental years favored treatment 4 (5,5 t/ha grain, 4,6 cereal unit/ha) and 5 (5,4 t/ha grain, 4,7 cereal unit/ha) from the long-term point of view. After four experimental years, the presented results supported the application of farm fertilizers as a preferable option. The treatments with additional application of AS did not provide a higher yield, therefore, such an application seems unnecessary.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Effects of Different Crop Production Systems on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Microbial Activity under Winter Wheat

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1130
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Gajda ◽  
Ewa Antonina Czyż ◽  
Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Production System ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Organic Crop Production

In many areas, organic crop production systems have been shown to contribute to maintaining good soil condition. The organic production system has been recommended as an alternative to conventional agriculture. However, in order to recommend this practice in new regions, it is necessary to obtain information about its effects and consequences in local environmental conditions. The research was completed during 2016–2018 in Osiny (Lublin region, Poland) on a field experiment established 26 years previously in a Haplic Luvisol soil. The research was aimed at comparing the effects of long-term use of tilled soil with organic (ORG) and conventional (CON) crop production systems with those in non-tilled soil under permanent grass (PRG) as a control. This comparison was done on the basis of changes in the values of soil properties as follows: Total porosity (TP), total organic matter (OM), particulate organic matter (POM), humic substances (HS), water-extractable carbon (WEC), microbial biomass carbon pool (MBC) and dehydrogenase activity (DH). Soil samples were collected from experimental fields (each treatment 1 ha) under winter wheat and permanent grass each year from 0–5, 5–10, 15–20 and 30–35 cm depths. Over the three year study period, it was found that permanent grass and the organic crop production system contributed to increased soil OM, POM, HS, WEC and MBC contents and DH activity compared to the CON system, especially in the top soil layer, 0–5 cm. To obtain a clearer picture of soil quality change our study examined for the first time the metabolic potential index (MPI) as a ratio of dehydrogenase activity to the soluble organic carbon content. The MPI values confirmed the increase of metabolism in ORG soil as a consequence of management practices compared with CON soil. The obtained correlations showed strong mutual relationships within properties of the heterogeneous soil complex. The results show the positive effects of the ORG management system causing soil condition improvement which is based on organic fertilization, enriching the soil with a large amount of plant residues in creating positive changes in the soil quality in contrast to the CON system.

Relevant issues of land reclamation development in Non-black Earth area

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Georgiy Gulyuk ◽  
Aleksey Ivanov ◽  
Yuri Yanko
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Edible Roots ◽  
Social Economic Development

Current situation and agricultural management on the non-black earth area of Russia arebeing gradually worsen by the negative natural factors such as a significant increase of weather based climatic abnormal risks, deterioration of agro-meliorative conditions of agricultural lands because of colonization by tree and shrubbery vegetation and secondary bog formation, hidden degradation of soil fertility. When combined with functional loss of ameliorative complex and meliorative systems amortization, regional agriculture adaptation possibilities were rapidly limited. Production shortfall due no abnormal weather conditions for particular field crops was 19…48% during last five years, level of business realization of bioclimatic potential on a field was decreased by 7…12%.The complete realization of regional agricultural adaptive potential to weather based climatic changes and limitation of greenhouse gases emissions is possible on a basis of regeneration ofalll functions and aspects of ameliorative complex management. Toward this goal the coordinated actions of federal and regional management of Agricultural Complex, Scientific and Educational institutions, project foundations and managers are needed in a relation to human resources, scientific and regulatory supply. Any incomplete treatment in these fields inherent in visual negative consequences for food security and social economic development of rural areas of non-black earth zones not only at the current historical moment, but in a future also. Fundamental influence of solving of these problems deserves to scientific supply of innovative ameliorative complex, renewal of which should be based on principals of resources and energy preservation, nature management, computerization and digitalization management. During a long term research it was established that increase of average vegetation period temperature by lоСhas increased productivity of winter wheat, barley and summer wheat in average on 0,7 tons per ha, winter wheat and oat on 0,4 tons per ha, potatoes – 8,2 tons per ha, edible roots-6,4 tons per ha, cabbage 9,8 tons per ha, dry basis of herbage of multi and one age grasses–0,5 and 0,7 tons per ha. Increase of СО2 Concentration from 0,35 to 0,45% during last twenty years contributed into grow of yield in regional agriculture which can be estimated as 0,3 tons per ha per measure; searching remedy for agroclimatical risks decreasing production became drainage and irrigation systems (decrease 3…5 times);new method of reclamation of abandoned areas with transformation of biomass of tree and shrubbery vegetation into biochar makes it possible to decrease СО2 emissions up to times and get an adverse balance of СО2;secondary reclamation of lands covered by trees and shrubbery on area of 22ha used for vegetables and area of 37ha used for forage crops could supply a farmer with work and revenue sufficient for maintenance of one child what is on the major facts of population declaim in rural areas.

EFFICIENCY OF USE OF GREEN-TRANSPORT COMPONENTS BY OPERATING AND ENERGY INDICATORS

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
D. Domushchi ◽  
P. Ustuyanov ◽  
Y. Enakiev ◽  
A. Lipin
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
Book Value ◽  
Traditional Technology ◽  
Conventional Technology ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Energy Indicators ◽  
Harvesting Process

In agriculture, the components of production cycles are likely (stochastic) in nature. This is especially true for harvesting. The duration of this period depends on the weather conditions, the biology of plant development, the variety of culture, the composition of the soil, agro technical techniques, etc. In connection with this, there is a need for scientific and production searches for such forms of organization of the harvesting process that would allow harvesting in short agronomic terms and substantially reduce due to this loss. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the structure and composition of the technology of harvesting and transport complexes for different technologies of harvesting cereal crops by operational and energy indicators to reduce the material and energy costs of harvesting. To calculate the comparative estimation of energy costs of complex fuel and operating costs for different harvesting technologies of winter wheat, four technologies are considered: traditional technology - direct harvesting without straw shredding; traditional technology - separate harvesting; zero technology - the use of harvesting equipment of domestic production; Zero technology - the use of harvesting techniques imported production. For these technologies, according to the methodology of the latest scientific research, technological maps for the harvesting of winter wheat have been developed. A comparative analysis of operational and energy costs of harvesting winter wheat indicated that the least cost is zero technology using domestic production technology, and the most expensive is conventional technology with direct combine harvesting. The presented results of researches of various technologies of grain cereal harvesting according to the structure and composition of equipment of harvesting and transportation complexes indicated that reduction of operational and energy expenses is possible due to increase of productivity, reduction of book value and quantity of harvesting equipment in the composition of harvesting - transport complexes at performance of works in optimal agro technical terms with minimal crop losses.

scholarly journals Winter Wheat Straw Decomposition under Different Nitrogen Fertilizers

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Gabriela Mühlbachová ◽  
Pavel Růžek ◽  
Helena Kusá ◽  
Radek Vavera ◽  
Martin Káš
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Rainy Weather ◽  
N Fertilisers

The climate changes and increased drought frequency still more frequent in recent periods bring challenges to management with wheat straw remaining in the field after harvest and to its decomposition. The field experiment carried out in 2017–2019 in the Czech Republic aimed to evaluate winter wheat straw decomposition under different organic and mineral nitrogen fertilizing (urea, pig slurry and digestate with and without inhibitors of nitrification (IN)). Treatment Straw 1 with fertilizers was incorporated in soil each year the first day of experiment. The Straw 2 was placed on soil surface at the same day as Straw 1 and incorporated together with fertilizers after 3 weeks. The Straw 1 decomposition in N treatments varied between 25.8–40.1% and in controls between 21.5–33.1% in 2017–2019. The Straw 2 decomposition varied between 26.3–51.3% in N treatments and in controls between 22.4–40.6%. Higher straw decomposition in 2019 was related to more rainy weather. The drought observed mainly in 2018 led to the decrease of straw decomposition and to the highest contents of residual mineral nitrogen in soils. The limited efficiency of N fertilisers on straw decomposition under drought showed a necessity of revision of current strategy of N treatments and reduction of N doses adequately according the actual weather conditions.

scholarly journals Comparative Genomics Used to Predict Virulence Factors and Metabolic Genes among Monilinia Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 464
Author(s):  
Marina Marcet-Houben ◽  
Maria Villarino ◽  
Laura Vilanova ◽  
Antonieta De Cal ◽  
Jan A. L. van Kan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brown Rot ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Stone Fruits ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Metabolic Genes ◽  
Pome Fruits ◽  
Significant Yield

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia spp., is among the most important diseases in stone fruits, and some pome fruits (mainly apples). This disease is responsible for significant yield losses, particularly in stone fruits, when weather conditions favorable for disease development appear. To achieve future sustainable strategies to control brown rot on fruit, one potential approach will be to characterize genomic variation among Monilinia spp. to define, among others, the capacity to infect fruit in this genus. In the present work, we performed genomic and phylogenomic comparisons of five Monilinia species and inferred differences in numbers of secreted proteins, including CAZy proteins and other proteins important for virulence. Duplications specific to Monilinia were sparse and, overall, more genes have been lost than gained. Among Monilinia spp., low variability in the CAZome was observed. Interestingly, we identified several secondary metabolism clusters based on similarity to known clusters, and among them was a cluster with homology to pyriculol that could be responsible for the synthesis of chloromonilicin. Furthermore, we compared sequences of all strains available from NCBI of these species to assess their MAT loci and heterokaryon compatibility systems. Our comparative analyses provide the basis for future studies into understanding how these genomic differences underlie common or differential abilities to interact with the host plant.

scholarly journals Soil Bacterial Community Diversity and Composition as Affected by Tillage Intensity Treatments in Corn-Soybean Production Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Shankar G. Shanmugam ◽  
Normie W. Buehring ◽  
Jon D. Prevost ◽  
William L. Kingery
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Production System ◽  
Soil Microbial Community ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Soybean Production ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Soil Bacterial

Our understanding on the effects of tillage intensity on the soil microbial community structure and composition in crop production systems are limited. This study evaluated the soil microbial community composition and diversity under different tillage management systems in an effort to identify management practices that effectively support sustainable agriculture. We report results from a three-year study to determine the effects on changes in soil microbial diversity and composition from four tillage intensity treatments and two residue management treatments in a corn-soybean production system using Illumina high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Soil samples were collected from tillage treatments at locations in the Southern Coastal Plain (Verona, Mississippi, USA) and Southern Mississippi River Alluvium (Stoneville, Mississippi, USA) for soil analysis and bacterial community characterization. Our results indicated that different tillage intensity treatments differentially changed the relative abundances of bacterial phyla. The Mantel test of correlations indicated that differences among bacterial community composition were significantly influenced by tillage regime (rM = 0.39, p ≤ 0.0001). Simpson’s reciprocal diversity index indicated greater bacterial diversity with reduction in tillage intensity for each year and study location. For both study sites, differences in tillage intensity had significant influence on the abundance of Proteobacteria. The shift in the soil bacterial community composition under different tillage systems was strongly correlated to changes in labile carbon pool in the system and how it affected the microbial metabolism. This study indicates that soil management through tillage intensity regime had a profound influence on diversity and composition of soil bacterial communities in a corn-soybean production system.

Carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes of multi-purpose winter wheat production systems in the U.S. Southern Great Plains

2021 ◽  
Vol 310 ◽  
pp. 108631
Author(s):  
Pradeep Wagle ◽  
Prasanna H. Gowda ◽  
Brian K. Northup ◽  
James P.S. Neel ◽  
Patrick J. Starks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
The U.S
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