scholarly journals Characteristic of grain contamination with weeds in some cereal varieties

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-206
Author(s):  
Franciszek Pawłowski ◽  
Marian Wesołowski
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Grain Contamination ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Grain contamination with weeds in winter wheat, winter rye, spring barley and seeding oats harvested with combines was examined. A different number of seeds and weed species was found to be present in 1 kg of grain of the cereal varieties compared. Certain similarities were noticed in the botanical composition and in the frequency of occurrence of weed seeds in the examined samples of cereal grains.

scholarly journals Projekcja opłacalności uprawy zbóż w Polsce w 2022 roku na tle prognozy produkcji zbóż w Unii Europejskiej do 2030 roku

2018 ◽  
Vol 18(33) (1) ◽  
pp. 224-234
Author(s):  
Aldona Skarżyńska ◽  
Łukasz Pietrych
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Production Yield ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Product Sales ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The aim of the research was to determine the impact of the forecasted change in the prices of agricultural production, yield and product sales prices on the profitability of winter wheat, winter rye and spring barley in 2022. Research results indicate an improvement in the production and price results of the examined cereals. We calculate that the strongest forecasted revenue increase is observed in the case of rye producers. The range of deviations from cereal projection due to unit changes in yield, price and cultivation costs were also examined. The results indicate that rye and spring barley are characterized by quite high sensitivity to each of the income-generating factors, while in the case of winter wheat the strength of their impact is weaker. The progressive integration processes indicate that our considerations should take into account the anticipated changes on the EU market. Thus the results are presented in the light of predicted changes in the European Commission 2030 forecast.

Integration of Cereal Cover Crops in Ridge-tillage Corn (Zea mays) Production

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan G. Eadie ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton ◽  
James E. Shaw ◽  
Glen W. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Ridge Tillage

Field experiments evaluating 11 cereal cover crops were established at two locations in Ontario over a two-year period. Cover crops were interseeded into a ridge-tillage corn crop and evaluated in terms of biomass production and winter annual, biennial, and perennial weed species suppression. Seedling establishment and aboveground biomass production of cover crops were variable between locations and years. At both locations over two years, ‘Danko’ winter rye, ‘OAC Halton’ winter barley and ‘Rodeo’ spring barley were the most consistent cover crops in biomass production. However, cover crop residues had no significant effect on weed biomass or density due to a high degree of spatial variability present in the weed populations. Corn grain yields were not reduced by the presence of inter-seeded cover crops when compared with the bare ground control treatment.

scholarly journals Selected aspects of tiny vetch [Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray S.F.] seed ecology: generative reproduction and effects of seed maturity and seed storage on seed germination

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kucewicz ◽  
Katarzyna Maćkiewicz ◽  
Anna Źróbek-Sokolnik
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Potential Productivity ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Seed Ecology ◽  
Vicia Hirsuta

<i>Vicia hirsuta</i> (L.) Gray S.F. (tiny vetch) is a common and persistent segetal weed. Tiny vetch seeds and pods reach different stages of maturity during the crop harvest season. Some seeds that mature before cereal harvest are shed in the field and deposited in the soil seed bank, while others become incorporated into seed material. The objective of this study was to describe selected aspects of tiny vetch seed ecology: to determine the rate of individual reproduction of vetch plants growing in winter and spring grain crops and to evaluate the germination of seeds at different stages of maturity, subject to storage conditions. The seeds and pods of <i>V. hirsuta</i> were sorted according to their development stages at harvest and divided into two groups. The first group was stored under laboratory conditions for two months. In the autumn of the same year, the seeds were subjected to germination tests. The remaining seeds were stored in a storeroom, and were planted in soil in the spring. The germination rate was evaluated after 8 months of storage. Potential productivity (developed pods and flowers, fruit buds) was higher in plants fruiting in winter wheat than in spring barley. Vetch plants produced around 17-26% more pods (including cracked, mature, greenish-brown and green pods) and around 25% less buds in winter wheat than in spring barley. Immature seeds were characterized by the highest germination capacity. Following storage under laboratory conditions and stratification in soil, mature seeds germinated at a rate of several percent. After storage in a storeroom, seeds at all three development stages broke dormancy at a rate of 72- 75%. The high germination power of tiny vetch seeds stored in a storeroom indicates that this plant can be classified as an obligatory speirochoric weed species.

scholarly journals influence of crop rotation and nutrition regime in winter wheat on the phytomass remains and the deposits of weed seeds remained in the ground

2010 ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
Gheorghe-Emil Bandici ◽  
Ileana Ardelean
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Total Crop ◽  
Number Of Seeds

An important problem refers to soil weeds seed bank with special reference to brown luvic soils and relationship between vegetal remains(roots + stub) and nutrition regime – crop rotation plant. A great number of seeds can be found in first 20 centimeters of soil (plowinglayer). This fact causes a high weeds density, which has a negative effect on the cultivated plants leading to partial or total crop loss.

scholarly journals Long-term crop rotation effects on winter and spring cereals productivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Marija Butkevičienė ◽  
Ingė Auželienė ◽  
Vaclovas Bogužas
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Productivity Indicators

A long-term field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of the VDU Agriculture Academy (formerly Aleksandras Stulginskis University), Institute of Agroecosystems crop rotation collection (equipped in 1967), during 2015–2017. The soil of the Experimental site is moderately fine textured Calc(ar)i-Endohypogleyic Luvisol. The research was carried out on winter rye (Secale cereale L.) ‘Matador’, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ‘Skagen’ and 71 spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ‘Orphelija’, which were sown in 8 different crop rotations after different preceding crops and rye monoculture. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of long-term crop rotation combinations on testing crops yield and productivity indicators. In many cases, rye productivity indicators were lower during 50-year monocropping. The best productivity indicators were obtained by growing rye in them in grass and fallow crop sequences, and for winter wheat in fallow with vetch–oat mixture for fodder and after manure application. In rye these indicators were more dependent on the precipitation amount and the amount of the sum of temperature during the period of generative organ formation. Among these indicators and the number of productive stems, a statistically strong and medium strength correlation interaction was identified: r = 0.83, P ≤ 0.01; r = 0.90, P ≤ 0.05; r = 0.58, P ≤ 0.05; r = 0.85, P ≤ 0.01; and winter weat r = 0.87, P ≤ 0.01; r = 0.89, P ≤ 0.01. The highest winter wheat productivity was established in crop rotation after perennial grasses and leguminous crops. Crop yield in monoculture decreases, but the optimal amount of mineral fertilizers saves lower but stable yields. Spring barley is less dependent on preceding crop, so it can be grown after winter cereals. However, they are more productive when sown after row crops and in crop rotations where one of the rotation members is fertilized with organic fertilizers.

Occurrence of Septoria species on cereals in Finland in 1971—1973

1975 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-244
Author(s):  
Kaiho Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Common Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Perfect Stage

This study was carried out on Septoria species found on cereals: spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.). The objective was to ascertain their distribution and general significance in Finland. The results were obtained from samples of cereals gathered in 2 040 fields all over the country during the growing season 1971-1973. The fungi in all the samples were examined by microscope and cultures and inoculation tests were used as well in laboratory. One of the Septoria species was found to occur on all the cereals, being most commonly on wheat and two-rowed barley, moderately common on winter rye, very rare on six rowed barley and only sporadic on oats. Septoria species were observed to occur most commonly in the southwestern and southern parts of the country, whereas they were very rare in the middle parts of the country and Ostrobothnia. The imperfect stages of the fungi (Septoria) occurred dominantly, whereas at all times the perfect stages (Leptosphaeria) were found only occasionally. The following Septoria species were found to occur on cereals: Septoria nodorum (Berk.) Berk. & Br. was found to occur as the most common species on spring and winter wheat and was moderately common on two-rowed barley. The fungus was found on wheat in 60—70 per cent, and on barley, in about 40 per cent of the localities and for both cereals in 1/3 of the fields that were studied. On the other hand the fungus was found to be very rare on six-rowed barley and winter rye in 610 per cent of the localities and only 2—4 per cent of the fields studied. Also in the inoculation tests it was found that S. nodorum isolates, which originated from different cereals, infected not only their own host but all the other cereals with the exception of oats. The perfect stage, Leptosphaeria nodorum Müller was found only a few times on spring wheat, spring barley and winter rye. Septoria avenue Frank f. sp. triticea T. Johanson was found to be the most common on two-rowed barley in about 45 percent of the localities and in about 1/3 of the fields studied; on wheat in about 35—40 per cent of the localities and in nearly 1/4of the fields studied. The perfect stage of the fungus, Leptosphaeria avenaria Weber f. sp. triticea T. Johnson was found only a few times on spring wheat and barley. S. avenae Frank f. sp. avenae Shaw was found to occur only occasionally on oats in nearly 10 per cent of the localities and only in 3 per cent of the fields studied. The perfect stage of the fungus, L. avenaria Weber f. sp. avenaria Shaw was found a few times also on oats. Septoria tritici. Rob. ex Desm. was found to occur only on winter wheat in about 1/2 of the localities and in about 40 per cent of the fields studied. The fungus was found only in the spring (May to early June). It sometimes attacked fields in great profusion. In the inoculation tests it was found that the S. triticis' isolate originated from rye weakly infected not only rye but also spring wheat and winter rye. Septoria secalis Prill. & Delacr. was found to occur only on winter rye, being moderately common in 1/2 of the localities and in about ¼ of the fields studied. On the basis of this study not much can be said about the magnitude or economic importance of the damages caused by the Septoria species. In addition to Septoria species, several other parasitic fungi such as Helminthosporium-, Puccinia-, Fusarium-species and Erysiphe graminis DC. were observed to grow at the same time on the leaves of cereals.

scholarly journals Geography of growing grain and leguminous crops in Sumy region

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Leguminous Crops ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Sown Area

The article discusses the modern geographical features of the cultivation of grain and leguminous crops in the Sumy region. In recent years, the region has seen an increase in the area allotted for sowing grain and leguminous crops. The largest sown areas occupied by grain and leguminous crops are located in the Romny, Sumy, Glukhovsky, Belopolsky and Konotop districts, and the largest gross grain harvest is also observed in these districts. The highest production volumes of grain and leguminous crops are recorded in Glukhovsky, Sumy, Belopolsky and Romny districts. The leading role in the grain industry of the region is played by corn. According to the gross harvest, the main districts of corn production are Romensky, Glukhovsky and Belopolsky. The sown area allotted for the harvest of this crop is the largest in the Romny, Belopolsky and Buryn regions. The main areas for growing winter wheat are Sumy, Glukhovsky and Belopolsky. Agricultural enterprises in the Glukhovsky, Konotop and Krolevets districts have the highest winter wheat harvest, while the lowest harvest in the Yampol and Akhtyrsky districts. In Sumy, Glukhovsky and Belopolsky districts, the largest sown areas of spring wheat are also the largest. Shostka, Konotop and Yampol districts are distinguished by crops and production of winter rye. The main regions for growing spring barley are Sumy, Konotop and Glukhovsky regions. Shostka, Putivl and Glukhovsky districts are leaders in oat production. Buckwheat is grown in all administrative districts of the Sumy region (with the exception of the Sumy city UTC (united territorial community)), however, the largest gross harvest of this crop is observed in agricultural enterprises of the Lipovodolinsky, Sumy and Krasnopolsky districts. The cultivation of legumes (peas, beans, lupins, beans; without grains and soybeans) by agricultural enterprises is represented in almost all administrative and territorial units of the Sumy region, except for the Putivl district and rural settlements of Sumy city UTC. According to the gross collection of leguminous crops, the Glukhovsky, Romensky and Shostkinsky districts are distinguished. The lowest yield of leguminous crops was recorded in agricultural enterprises of the Seredina-Budsky district, and the highest - Romny.

scholarly journals Examination of soils and crops after the inundations of 1 February 1953.1. Salty soils and agricultural crops.

1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-253
Author(s):  
C. Van den Berg ◽  
J.J. Westerhof
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
C Value ◽  
Late Sowing

Following the sea-water floods in the Netherlands in February 1953, trials were carried out to determine the effect on various flooded crops of the length of the period of inundation and the concentration of salt in the soil moisture (measured after the floods had subsided in April 1953). The concentration of salt in the soil moisture was expressed as a C-value (number of grams of NaCl per litre of soil moisture), measured in the 5-20 cm. layer of soil. Other trials were carried out to determine the effect of the level of the C-value measured in March 1953 on the subsequent growth of spring-sown crops. The duration of flooding, over periods of 1-50 days (with flood water giving post-flood C-values of 0.5-17), had little, effect on the subsequent growth of inundated winter wheat, winter rye and winter barley, but the C-value of the soil had a marked effect. Inundation of winter rye and winter wheat with water giving C-values of 7 or more had an adverse effect on the growth of both crops, more marked in the case of rye than of wheat. The effect of the C-value at the time of sowing on the yield of spring barley was intermediate between that previously recorded in a favourable (wet) growing season, 1946, and an unfavourable (dry) growing season, 1947. See report by C. van den Berg in Versl. Landbouwk. Onderz. 1950, 56, No, 16. The opinion given in the 1950 report, that spring barley cannot be sown at C-values above 10 with expectation of a reasonable (75% normal) yield, was confirmed. The variety Balder was more resistant to salt than Kenia and Saxonia. Kenia barley was sown at intervals from 8 March to 10 May; the effect of the presence of salt in the soil (represented by the C-value measured in March) was progressively adverse with increasingly late sowing. Similar trials with spring oats, sugar-beet, potatoes, flax and peas generally confirmed the results given in the 1950 report on the sensitivity of various crops to the C-value of the soil moisture. The spring-sown crops mentioned above are all less tolerant of salt than spring barley and are arranged in descending order of salt-tolerance. The results of the 1953 trials differed from those of earlier ones in that flax appeared to be less tolerant than previously, probably because of the dry spring in 1953. In 1953, flax did not give 75% normal yield when sown at C-values higher than 2.5. Potatoes, on the other hand, were more salt-tolerant in 1953 than in the earlier trials and gave 75% normal yields when sown in soils with C-values as high as 6. The average C-value of the flooded soils fell rapidly during 1953-4. C-values on very salty soils were 19.5 in March, 1953, 11.8 at the end of the following September and 3.1 by mid-February, 1954. Comparable figures for slightly salty soils were 7.3, 3.4 and 0.7. The rapid decline in salt concentration in the soil moisture during winter 1953-4 is attributed to the application of gypsum in the period September to November, 1953.-W.J.B. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Occurrence of Helminthosporium species on cereals in Finland in 1971—1973

1975 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-217
Author(s):  
Kaiho Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Couch Grass ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Pyrenophora Tritici Repentis ◽  
Agropyron Repens

This study was carried out on Helminthosporium species found on cereals (Avena sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L., Triticum aestivum L., Secale cereale L.) and couch grass (Agropycon repens (L.)PB.) The objective was to ascertain their distribution and general significance in Finland. The results were obtained from samples of cereals gathered in 2040 fields all over the country during the growing season 1971 1973. The samples of couch grass (approx. 170 samples) were collected infields and the borders of fields. The fungi in all the samples were examined by microscope, using the blotter method and with cultures. Many Helminthosporium species were found to be very common and abundant on cereals, especially in 1972, throughout the country and as far as Lapland. The imperfect stages (conidia) of the fungi occurred dominantly and in abundance, whereas the perfect stages of the fungi were found only occasionally at all times. Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs. on Agropyron repens was exceptional in this respect. The most widespread and common Helminthosporium fungi were the following species: H. avenae Eidam was found to be very common and abundant in more than 60 per cent of the oat fields and in nearly 90 per cent of the localities that were studied throughout the country. These figures apply to seedlings as well. H. gramineum Rabenh. ex Schlecht was found frequently in more than 30 per cent of the spring barley fields and in about 55 per cent of the localities that were studied. It was very common and abundant in Ostrobothnia and the northern parts of the country and was frequent on six-rowed barley, too. H. teres Sacc. was found to be common and abundant in nearly 60 per cent of the spring barley fields and in nearly 90 per cent of the localities that were studied. These figures apply to the seedlings as well and are especially representative of observations made in the western and southern parts of the country. The fungus was more common on six-rowed than on two-rowed barley H. tritici-repentis Died, was found to be moderately common in southern and southwestern Finland as follows: in nearly 30 per cent of the spring wheat fields and in 40 per cent of the localities studied; in 17 per cent of the winter wheat fields and in 23 the winter rye fields; for both the latter mentioned moderate abundance was observed in more than 50 per sent of the localities studied. On Agropyron repens the fungus was very common and abundant in 50 per cent of the samples and in nearly 60 per cent of the localities studied. In addition, the perfect stage of the fungi, Pyrenophora triticirepentis (Died.) Drechs. with mature ascoma and ascospores was found in about 1/4 of the samples examined throughout the country. H. sativum Pammel, King and Bakke was found to be moderately common and abundant in about 30 per cent of the spring barley fields and in 55 per cent of the localities studied throughout the country, being most common in southern and southwestern Finland. The fungus was more common on two-rowed than on six-rowed barley. The fungus was observed to be moderately common in 9 per cent of spring wheat fields and in nearly 20 per cent of the localities studied. In all fields H. sativum appeared sporadically also in seedlings on spring barley and spring wheat as well as on the roots of barley. The fungus was found to be moderately common also in oat fields, but only in 1972, whereas on winter wheat and winter rye its occurrence was only rare and sporadic. An undetermined Helminthosporium species, like H. gramineum or H. teres, was found to be sparce but moderately common, in about 10 per cent of the spring wheat fields and in nearly 20 per cent of the localities studied. It occurred only occasionally on winter wheat and on winter rye fields. It is not known how fungi damage affects crop yields. At least H. gramineum, H. teres and H. sativum on spring barley, as well as H. avenae on oats, caused severe damage to plants and occurred commonly throughout the country.

scholarly journals The effect of three soil tillage treatments on weed infestation in forage maize

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Chovancova ◽  
Lubomir Neudert ◽  
Jan Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
The Impact

This study assessed the impact of using soil tillage in maize crops on weed infestation intensity and weed species composition. A field experiment was established as a model example of livestock production management in drier climate conditions where maize was grown in seven-step crop rotation sequence: alfalfa – the first year, alfalfa – the second year, winter wheat, forage maize, winter wheat, sugar beet, and spring barley. Three soil tillage treatments were applied: conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), and no-tillage (NT). An arithmetic method and multivariate analyses of ecological data were used. The highest weed infestation, mainly due to late spring species, was recorded in MT. Perennial and overwintering species were frequently observed in NT. Early spring weed species were abundant in CT. Different tillage treatments cause a significant change in the weed species spectrum in maize. A study of the relationship between tillage and the level of weed infestation requires long-term monitoring which will allow us to predict the intensity of weed infestation in particular locations.

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