scholarly journals Exogenous application of gibberellic acid mitigates drought-induced damage in spring wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moumita ◽  
Jubayer Al Mahmud ◽  
Parimal Kanti Biswas ◽  
Kamrun Nahar ◽  
Masayuki Fujita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Monodehydroascorbate Reductase ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Glyoxalase System ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Glyoxalase Ii ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Drought stress is a major problem in wheat production but it could be managed by using various exogenous protectants such as gibberellic acid (GA). Although GA is a plant growth hormone, it shows a potential to protect the plant in stress conditions. To investigate the possible role of GA in mitigating drought stress, we treated wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> ‘BARI Gom-21’) seedlings with a GA spray under semihydroponic conditions. In the experiment, the combined effect of GA and drought stress (induced by 12% polyethylene glycol) was studied after 48 h and 72 h. In the absence of exogenous GA, drought-stressed wheat seedlings showed various physiological and biochemical changes in a time-dependent manner. Malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and free proline (Pro) concentrations were increased, whereas catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were reduced under drought stress. Gibberellic acid played a role in restoring the ascorbate (AsA) level, decreased the reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio and reduced monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities. Gibberellic acid significantly affected the glyoxalase system. Under drought stress, the methylglyoxal (MG) concentration was increased but GA application stimulated glyoxalase I (Gly I) and glyoxalase II (Gly II) activities to protect the wheat seedlings against stress. The study concluded that the severity of drought stress in wheat depends on the growth stage and it increases with an increase in the duration of stress, whereas exogenous GA helped the seedlings to survive by upregulating antioxidant defense mechanisms and the glyoxalase system.

scholarly journals Spermine: Its Emerging Role in Regulating Drought Stress Responses in Plants

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Md. Mahadi Hasan ◽  
Milan Skalicky ◽  
Mohammad Shah Jahan ◽  
Md. Nazmul Hossain ◽  
Zunaira Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
New Information ◽  
Effects Of Drought

In recent years, research on spermine (Spm) has turned up a lot of new information about this essential polyamine, especially as it is able to counteract damage from abiotic stresses. Spm has been shown to protect plants from a variety of environmental insults, but whether it can prevent the adverse effects of drought has not yet been reported. Drought stress increases endogenous Spm in plants and exogenous application of Spm improves the plants’ ability to tolerate drought stress. Spm’s role in enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms, glyoxalase systems, methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification, and creating tolerance for drought-induced oxidative stress is well documented in plants. However, the influences of enzyme activity and osmoregulation on Spm biosynthesis and metabolism are variable. Spm interacts with other molecules like nitric oxide (NO) and phytohormones such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, and ethylene, to coordinate the reactions necessary for developing drought tolerance. This review focuses on the role of Spm in plants under severe drought stress. We have proposed models to explain how Spm interacts with existing defense mechanisms in plants to improve drought tolerance.

scholarly journals Induction of Reactive Intermediates and Autophagy-Related Proteins upon Infection of Macrophages withRhodococcus equi

Scientifica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashanth Chandramani-Shivalingappa ◽  
Mahesh Bhandari ◽  
Sarah A. Wiechert ◽  
Jessica Gilbertie ◽  
Douglas E. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Murine Bone Marrow ◽  
Related Proteins

Rhodococcus equi (R. equi)is an intracellular macrophage-tropic pathogen with potential for causing fatal pyogranulomatous pneumonia in foals between 1 and 6 months of age. In this study, we sought to determine whether infection of macrophages withR. equicould lead to the induction of autophagy. Murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) were infected withR. equifor various time intervals and analyzed for upregulation of autophagy proteins and accumulation of autophagosomes relative to uninfected controls. Western blot analysis showed a progressive increase in LC3-II and Beclin1 levels in a time-dependent manner. The functional accumulation of autophagosomes detected with monodansylcadaverine further supported the enhanced induction of autophagy in BMDM infected withR. equi. In addition, infection of BMDM withR. equiinduced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a time-dependent manner. These data are consistent with reports documenting the role of ROS in induction of autophagy and indicate that the infection of macrophages byR. equielicits innate host defense mechanisms.

scholarly journals Towards an Understanding of Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Drought Tolerance in Plant

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogendra K. Meena ◽  
Nirmaljit Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
World Population ◽  
Severe Constraint ◽  
Consistent Increase ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Drought stress is one of the major abiotic stress that can causes huge loss to the world food production. It remains a major contributor to severe food shortage and famine. With a consistent increase in world population, pressure will continue to mount on the existing yet limited water resources. The situation is respected to further aggravate due to the predicted increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation consequent upon global warming. Water scarcity has already become a severe constraint in plant survival and productivity of crops in arid and semi-arid regions. The active response of plants to drought stress through various biochemical and physiological modifications improves the metabolism and can further the mobilize various defense mechanisms in order to enhance survival of the plants under conditions of drought. In this review, various physiological and biochemical responses in plants towards enhancement of drought tolerance are discussed.

scholarly journals Drought-hardening improves drought tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rayyan Khan ◽  
Xinghua Ma ◽  
Shahen Shah ◽  
Xiaoying Wu ◽  
Aaqib Shaheen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Hardening Treatment ◽  
Tobacco Seedlings ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Drought Hardening

Abstract Background Drought stress is the most harmful one among other abiotic stresses with negative impacts on crop growth and development. Drought-hardening is a feasible and widely used method in tobacco seedlings cultivation. It has gained extensive interests due to its role in improving drought tolerance. This research aimed to investigate the role of drought-hardening and to unravel the multiple mechanisms underlying tobacco drought tolerance and adaptation. Results This study was designed in which various drought-hardening treatments (CK (no drought-hardening), T1 (drought-hardening for 24 h), T2 (drought-hardening for 48 h), and T3 (drought-hardening for 72 h)) were applied to two tobacco varieties namely HongHuaDaJinYuan (H) and Yun Yan-100 (Y). The findings presented a complete framework of drought-hardening effect at physiological, biochemical, and gene expression levels of the two tobacco varieties under drought stress. The results showed that T2 and T3 significantly reduced the growth of the two varieties under drought stress. Similarly, among the various drought-hardening treatments, T3 improved both the enzymatic (POD, CAT, APX) and non-enzymatic (AsA) defense systems along with the elevated levels of proline and soluble sugar to mitigate the negative effects of oxidative damage and bringing osmoregulation in tobacco plants. Finally, the various drought-hardening treatments (T1, T2, and T3) showed differential regulation of genes expressed in the two varieties, while, particularly T3 drought-hardening treatment-induced drought tolerance via the expression of various stress-responsive genes by triggering the biosynthesis pathways of proline (P5CS1), polyamines (ADC2), ABA-dependent (SnRK2, AREB1), and independent pathways (DREB2B), and antioxidant defense-related genes (CAT, APX1, GR2) in response to drought stress. Conclusions Drought-hardening made significant contributions to drought tolerance and adaptation in two tobacco variety seedlings by reducing its growth and, on the other hand, by activating various defense mechanisms at biochemical and molecular levels. The findings of the study pointed out that drought-hardening is a fruitful strategy for conferring drought tolerance and adaptations in tobacco. It will be served as a useful method in the future to understand the drought tolerance and adaptation mechanisms of other plant species. Graphical abstract Drought-hardening improved drought tolerance and adaptation of the two tobacco varieties. T1 indicates drought-hardening for 24 h, T2 indicates drought-hardening for 48 h, T3 indicates drought-hardening for 72 h

scholarly journals Comparative response of SOD at molecular level in different plants against cadmium and drought stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Li Yang ◽  
◽  
Yu-Xi Feng ◽  
Xiao-Zhang Yu ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Comparative Response ◽  
Cd Exposure ◽  
Subcellular Level

Abiotic stress like drought and heavy metal imposes a negative impact on exposed plants’ growth and development, commences over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside plant cells resulting in oxidative stress at the cellular level. After that, plants activate multiple defense mechanisms, within which the superoxide dismutase (SOD) family acts as the first line of defense to eliminate ROS. From the literature, it is evident that fewer studies have been carried out in combination with molecular evolution and phylogenetics, and expression profile of the SOD genes amidst dicot and the monocot at subcellular level against drought stress and cadmium (Cd) metal exposure. In the present study, SOD isogenes are identified in purposely elected two dicot plants i.e. Arabidopsis thaliana (9 genes), Solanum lycopersicum (8 genes) and two monocot plants namely Triticum aestivum (11 genes), and Oryza sativa (7 genes), respectively. Based on the amino acids sequence similarities, the identified proteins are classified into three subfamilies in accordance to their phylogenetic relationships, namely Cu/ZnSOD, FeSOD, and MnSOD. High variability observed between Cu/ZnSOD with other two groups i.e. FeSOD and MnSOD which showed lesser variation within them by using secondary structure predication. Subcellular localization suggested that genes encoding FeSOD, MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD are predominant in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and cytoplasm, respectively in studied plants. The expression profiling through microarray analysis showed varied strategies of SOD isogenes against drought stress and Cd exposure individually. From the perspective of evolution, this study would expand our knowledge for vividly understanding the role of distinctive SOD isogenes in detoxifying ROS in different plants under various abiotic stresses.

The role of SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE in Arabidopsis thaliana

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Nosarzewski ◽  
A. Bruce Downie ◽  
Benhong Wu ◽  
Douglas D. Archbold
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Sorbitol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Knockout Mutants

SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE (SDH, EC 1.1.1.14) catalyses the interconversion of polyols and ketoses (e.g. sorbitol ↔ fructose). Using two independent Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. sdh knockout mutants, we show that SDH (At5g51970) plays a primary role in sorbitol metabolism as well as an unexpected role in ribitol metabolism. Sorbitol content increased in both wild-type (WT) and mutant plant leaves during drought stress, but mutants showed a dramatically different phenotype, dying even if rewatered. The lack of functional SDH in mutant plants was accompanied by accumulation of foliar sorbitol and at least 10-fold more ribitol, neither of which decreased in mutant plants after rewatering. In addition, mutant plants were uniquely sensitive to ribitol in a concentration-dependent manner, which either prevented them from completing seed germination or inhibited seedling development, effects not observed with other polyols or with ribitol-treated WT plants. Ribitol catabolism may occur solely through SDH in A. thaliana, though at only 30% the rate of that for sorbitol. The results indicate a role for SDH in metabolism of sorbitol to fructose and in ribitol conversion to ribulose in A. thaliana during recovery from drought stress.

scholarly journals Studies on the Accumulation of Drought-Induced Boiling Soluble Proteins (Hydrophilins) at Vegetative and Reproductive Phases of Drought Tolerant and Susceptible Cultivars of Triticum aestivum

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-236
Author(s):  
Gurmeen RAKHRA ◽  
Arun Dev SHARMA ◽  
Jatinder SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Blot Analysis ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Water Stress Tolerance ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Boiling Soluble Proteins

Drought is one of the major environmental constraints affecting the crops worldwide. Expression of boiling soluble proteins (BSPs) is of paramount importance, because they play important roles in the water stress responses and also in plant metabolism. In this study, the effect of drought on BSPs at vegetative (shoots) and reproductive (seeds) phases of drought tolerant (cv. ‘PBW 527’) and drought susceptible (cv. ‘PBW 343’) cultivars of Triticumaestivum were carried at three different developmental stages. The boiling soluble protein profiles of shoots and seeds were outlined via SDS-PAGE followed by immune-blot analysis using anti-HSP, anti-APase, anti-LEA, anti-SOD, anti-AQUA and anti-CAT antibodies. Western blot analysis revealed that expression of BSPs was modulated differentially in a stress, tissue, developmental stage and cultivar dependent manner. For instance, enhanced expression of seeds BSPs (APase, LEA, CAT, AQUA) was observed in the tolerant cv. ‘PBW 527’ after drought stress. However, no such enhancement was observed in the susceptible cultivar. Similarly, in shoots of cv. ‘PBW 527’, a substantial increase of BSP (SOD) expression was established after drought stress treatment, indicating their role in drought stress adaptation. Further, to gain an insight into the role of BSPs, a time course pre- and post-stress kinetic studies were also conducted in the seeds of tolerant and susceptible wheat cultivars. Based upon the observations, the possible role of boiling soluble proteins (hydrophilins) in water stress tolerance is discussed.

Prevention of dicarbonyl-mediated advanced glycation by glyoxalases: implication in skin aging

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 518-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Radjei ◽  
Bertrand Friguet ◽  
Carine Nizard ◽  
Isabelle Petropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Skin Aging ◽  
Advanced Glycation ◽  
Glyoxalase System ◽  
Chronological Aging ◽  
Glyoxalase Ii ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Glucose Derivatives

Skin aging is the result of intrinsic chronological aging and photoaging, due to UV exposure, that both share important histological modifications and molecular features, including alterations of proteins. One of the main damage is glycation that occurs when reducing sugars react non-enzymatically with proteins. This reaction also happens when the dicarbonyl compounds GO (glyoxal) and MG (methylglyoxal), which are glucose derivatives, react with proteins. These compounds can be detoxified by the glyoxalase system composed of two enzymes, Glo1 (glyoxalase I) and Glo2 (glyoxalase II). The aims of the present mini-review are to briefly summarize our current knowledge of the biological roles of these enzymes in aging and then discuss the relevance of studying the role of glycation and of detoxifying systems in human skin aging.

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