scholarly journals Comparative response of SOD at molecular level in different plants against cadmium and drought stress

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Li Yang ◽  
◽  
Yu-Xi Feng ◽  
Xiao-Zhang Yu ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Comparative Response ◽  
Cd Exposure ◽  
Subcellular Level

Abiotic stress like drought and heavy metal imposes a negative impact on exposed plants’ growth and development, commences over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside plant cells resulting in oxidative stress at the cellular level. After that, plants activate multiple defense mechanisms, within which the superoxide dismutase (SOD) family acts as the first line of defense to eliminate ROS. From the literature, it is evident that fewer studies have been carried out in combination with molecular evolution and phylogenetics, and expression profile of the SOD genes amidst dicot and the monocot at subcellular level against drought stress and cadmium (Cd) metal exposure. In the present study, SOD isogenes are identified in purposely elected two dicot plants i.e. Arabidopsis thaliana (9 genes), Solanum lycopersicum (8 genes) and two monocot plants namely Triticum aestivum (11 genes), and Oryza sativa (7 genes), respectively. Based on the amino acids sequence similarities, the identified proteins are classified into three subfamilies in accordance to their phylogenetic relationships, namely Cu/ZnSOD, FeSOD, and MnSOD. High variability observed between Cu/ZnSOD with other two groups i.e. FeSOD and MnSOD which showed lesser variation within them by using secondary structure predication. Subcellular localization suggested that genes encoding FeSOD, MnSOD and Cu/ZnSOD are predominant in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and cytoplasm, respectively in studied plants. The expression profiling through microarray analysis showed varied strategies of SOD isogenes against drought stress and Cd exposure individually. From the perspective of evolution, this study would expand our knowledge for vividly understanding the role of distinctive SOD isogenes in detoxifying ROS in different plants under various abiotic stresses.

scholarly journals Spermine: Its Emerging Role in Regulating Drought Stress Responses in Plants

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Md. Mahadi Hasan ◽  
Milan Skalicky ◽  
Mohammad Shah Jahan ◽  
Md. Nazmul Hossain ◽  
Zunaira Anwar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
New Information ◽  
Effects Of Drought

In recent years, research on spermine (Spm) has turned up a lot of new information about this essential polyamine, especially as it is able to counteract damage from abiotic stresses. Spm has been shown to protect plants from a variety of environmental insults, but whether it can prevent the adverse effects of drought has not yet been reported. Drought stress increases endogenous Spm in plants and exogenous application of Spm improves the plants’ ability to tolerate drought stress. Spm’s role in enhancing antioxidant defense mechanisms, glyoxalase systems, methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification, and creating tolerance for drought-induced oxidative stress is well documented in plants. However, the influences of enzyme activity and osmoregulation on Spm biosynthesis and metabolism are variable. Spm interacts with other molecules like nitric oxide (NO) and phytohormones such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, and ethylene, to coordinate the reactions necessary for developing drought tolerance. This review focuses on the role of Spm in plants under severe drought stress. We have proposed models to explain how Spm interacts with existing defense mechanisms in plants to improve drought tolerance.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: genetics

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 1443-1450
Author(s):  
Mohammed Majid Akhtar ◽  
Luis Rocha Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Causative Mutation ◽  
Clinical Role ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Associated Proteins

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is most commonly transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait, caused by mutations in genes encoding cardiac sarcomere and associated proteins. Knowledge of the genetic pathophysiology of the disease has advanced significantly since the initial identification of a point mutation in the beta-myosin heavy chain (MYH7) gene in 1990. Other genetic causes of the disease include mutations in genes coding for proteins implicated in calcium handling or which form part of the cytoskeleton. The recent emergence of next-generation sequencing allows quicker and less expensive identification of causative mutations. However, a causative mutation is not identified in up to 50% of probands. At present, the primary clinical role of genetic testing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is in the context of familial screening, allowing the identification of those at risk of developing the condition. Genetic testing can also be used to exclude genocopies, particularly in the presence of certain diagnostic ‘red flag’ features, where lysosomal, glycogen storage, neuromuscular or Ras-MAPK pathway disorders may be suspected. The role of individual mutations in predicting prognosis is limited at present. However, the higher incidence of sudden cardiac death in the presence of a family history of such, suggests that genetics play a significant role in determining outcome. With an increased understanding of the impact of these mutations on a cellular level and on longer-term clinical outcomes, the aim in future for gene and mutation specific prognosis or potential disease-modifying therapy is closer.

scholarly journals The Importance of Natriuretic Peptides in Cardiometabolic Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shravya Vinnakota ◽  
Horng H Chen
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Pressure Overload ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide Receptor ◽  
Therapeutic Role ◽  
Peptide Receptor ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide Receptor A

Abstract The natriuretic peptide (NP) system is composed of 3 distinct peptides (atrial natriuretic peptide or ANP, B-type natriuretic peptide or BNP, and C-type natriuretic peptide or CNP) and 3 receptors (natriuretic peptide receptor-A or NPR-A or particulate guanynyl cyclase-A natriuretic peptide receptor-B or NPR-B or particulate guanynyl cyclase-B, and natriuretic peptide receptor-C or NPR-C or clearance receptor). ANP and BNP function as defense mechanisms against ventricular stress and the deleterious effects of volume and pressure overload on the heart. Although the role of NPs in cardiovascular homeostasis has been extensively studied and well established, much remains uncertain about the signaling pathways in pathological states like heart failure, a state of impaired natriuretic peptide function. Elevated levels of ANP and BNP in heart failure correlate with disease severity and have a prognostic value. Synthetic ANP and BNP have been studied for their therapeutic role in hypertension and heart failure, and promising trials are under way. In recent years, the expression of ANP and BNP in human adipocytes has come to light. Through their role in promotion of adipocyte browning, lipolysis, lipid oxidation, and modulation of adipokine secretion, they have emerged as key regulators of energy consumption and metabolism. NPR-A signaling in skeletal muscles and adipocytes is emerging as pivotal to the maintenance of long-term insulin sensitivity, which is disrupted in obesity and reduced glucose-tolerance states. Genetic variants in the genes encoding for ANP and BNP have been associated with a favorable cardiometabolic profile. In this review, we discuss several pathways that have been proposed to explain the role of NPs as endocrine networkers. There is much to be explored about the therapeutic role of NPs in improving metabolic milieu.

Role of Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products in Diabetes Mellitus

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Luevano-Contreras ◽  
Ma. Eugenia Garay-Sevilla ◽  
Karen Chapman-Novakofski
Keyword(s):  
Advanced Glycation End Products ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Renal Diseases ◽  
Advanced Glycation ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
End Products

Dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can be formed via the Maillard reaction and several alternative pathways. AGEs exert their deleterious effects by damaging protein structure and function, as well as through activation of cellular mechanisms. At the cellular level, the damaging effects of AGEs have been attributed to several AGE-binding proteins. Increased levels of AGEs have been implicated in several chronic diseases, including diabetes-related complications such as renal diseases, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as delayed wound healing. To investigate the role of AGEs thoroughly, a reliable assessment of dietary AGEs is needed. Varying methodology, diverse food preparation, and quantification of a variety of dietary AGEs makes this a complex goal. In addition, some antiglycation food products may balance or offset the negative impact of dietary AGEs.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: genetics

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 1443-1450
Author(s):  
Mohammed Majid Akhtar ◽  
Luis Rocha Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Causative Mutation ◽  
Clinical Role ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Associated Proteins

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is most commonly transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait, caused by mutations in genes encoding cardiac sarcomere and associated proteins. Knowledge of the genetic pathophysiology of the disease has advanced significantly since the initial identification of a point mutation in the beta-myosin heavy chain (MYH7) gene in 1990. Other genetic causes of the disease include mutations in genes coding for proteins implicated in calcium handling or which form part of the cytoskeleton. The recent emergence of next-generation sequencing allows quicker and less expensive identification of causative mutations. However, a causative mutation is not identified in up to 50% of probands. At present, the primary clinical role of genetic testing in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is in the context of familial screening, allowing the identification of those at risk of developing the condition. Genetic testing can also be used to exclude genocopies, particularly in the presence of certain diagnostic ‘red flag’ features, where lysosomal, glycogen storage, neuromuscular or Ras-MAPK pathway disorders may be suspected. The role of individual mutations in predicting prognosis is limited at present. However, the higher incidence of sudden cardiac death in the presence of a family history of such, suggests that genetics play a significant role in determining outcome. With an increased understanding of the impact of these mutations on a cellular level and on longer-term clinical outcomes, the aim in future for gene and mutation specific prognosis or potential disease-modifying therapy is closer.

scholarly journals Exogenous application of gibberellic acid mitigates drought-induced damage in spring wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moumita ◽  
Jubayer Al Mahmud ◽  
Parimal Kanti Biswas ◽  
Kamrun Nahar ◽  
Masayuki Fujita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Monodehydroascorbate Reductase ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Glyoxalase System ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Glyoxalase Ii ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Drought stress is a major problem in wheat production but it could be managed by using various exogenous protectants such as gibberellic acid (GA). Although GA is a plant growth hormone, it shows a potential to protect the plant in stress conditions. To investigate the possible role of GA in mitigating drought stress, we treated wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> ‘BARI Gom-21’) seedlings with a GA spray under semihydroponic conditions. In the experiment, the combined effect of GA and drought stress (induced by 12% polyethylene glycol) was studied after 48 h and 72 h. In the absence of exogenous GA, drought-stressed wheat seedlings showed various physiological and biochemical changes in a time-dependent manner. Malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and free proline (Pro) concentrations were increased, whereas catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were reduced under drought stress. Gibberellic acid played a role in restoring the ascorbate (AsA) level, decreased the reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio and reduced monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) activities. Gibberellic acid significantly affected the glyoxalase system. Under drought stress, the methylglyoxal (MG) concentration was increased but GA application stimulated glyoxalase I (Gly I) and glyoxalase II (Gly II) activities to protect the wheat seedlings against stress. The study concluded that the severity of drought stress in wheat depends on the growth stage and it increases with an increase in the duration of stress, whereas exogenous GA helped the seedlings to survive by upregulating antioxidant defense mechanisms and the glyoxalase system.

scholarly journals Drought-hardening improves drought tolerance in Nicotiana tabacum at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rayyan Khan ◽  
Xinghua Ma ◽  
Shahen Shah ◽  
Xiaoying Wu ◽  
Aaqib Shaheen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Hardening Treatment ◽  
Tobacco Seedlings ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Drought Hardening

Abstract Background Drought stress is the most harmful one among other abiotic stresses with negative impacts on crop growth and development. Drought-hardening is a feasible and widely used method in tobacco seedlings cultivation. It has gained extensive interests due to its role in improving drought tolerance. This research aimed to investigate the role of drought-hardening and to unravel the multiple mechanisms underlying tobacco drought tolerance and adaptation. Results This study was designed in which various drought-hardening treatments (CK (no drought-hardening), T1 (drought-hardening for 24 h), T2 (drought-hardening for 48 h), and T3 (drought-hardening for 72 h)) were applied to two tobacco varieties namely HongHuaDaJinYuan (H) and Yun Yan-100 (Y). The findings presented a complete framework of drought-hardening effect at physiological, biochemical, and gene expression levels of the two tobacco varieties under drought stress. The results showed that T2 and T3 significantly reduced the growth of the two varieties under drought stress. Similarly, among the various drought-hardening treatments, T3 improved both the enzymatic (POD, CAT, APX) and non-enzymatic (AsA) defense systems along with the elevated levels of proline and soluble sugar to mitigate the negative effects of oxidative damage and bringing osmoregulation in tobacco plants. Finally, the various drought-hardening treatments (T1, T2, and T3) showed differential regulation of genes expressed in the two varieties, while, particularly T3 drought-hardening treatment-induced drought tolerance via the expression of various stress-responsive genes by triggering the biosynthesis pathways of proline (P5CS1), polyamines (ADC2), ABA-dependent (SnRK2, AREB1), and independent pathways (DREB2B), and antioxidant defense-related genes (CAT, APX1, GR2) in response to drought stress. Conclusions Drought-hardening made significant contributions to drought tolerance and adaptation in two tobacco variety seedlings by reducing its growth and, on the other hand, by activating various defense mechanisms at biochemical and molecular levels. The findings of the study pointed out that drought-hardening is a fruitful strategy for conferring drought tolerance and adaptations in tobacco. It will be served as a useful method in the future to understand the drought tolerance and adaptation mechanisms of other plant species. Graphical abstract Drought-hardening improved drought tolerance and adaptation of the two tobacco varieties. T1 indicates drought-hardening for 24 h, T2 indicates drought-hardening for 48 h, T3 indicates drought-hardening for 72 h

scholarly journals Application of Trehalose and Salicylic Acid Mitigates Drought Stress in Sweet Basil and Improves Plant Growth

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1078
Author(s):  
Faisal Zulfiqar ◽  
Jianjun Chen ◽  
Patrick M. Finnegan ◽  
Adnan Younis ◽  
Muhammad Nafees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Antioxidant Responses ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Combined Application

Trehalose (Tre) and salicylic acid (SA) are increasingly used to mitigate drought stress in crop plants. In this study, a pot experiment was performed to study the influence of Tre and SA applied individually or in combination on the growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant responses of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) exposed to drought stress. Basil plants were watered to 60% or 100% field capacity with or without treatment with 30 mM Tre and/or 1 mM SA. Drought negatively affected growth, physiological parameters, and antioxidant responses. Application of Tre and/or SA resulted in growth recovery, increased photosynthesis, and reduced oxidative stress. Application of Tre mitigated the detrimental effects of drought more than SA. Furthermore, co-application of Tre and SA largely eliminated the negative impact of drought by reducing oxidative stress through increased activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase, as well as the accumulation of the protective osmolytes proline and glycine betaine. Combined Tre and SA application improved water use efficiency and reduced the amount of malondialdehyde in drought-stressed plants. Our results suggested that combined application of Tre and SA may trigger defense mechanisms of sweet basil to better mitigate oxidative stress induced by drought stress, thereby improving plant growth.

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