BARE SPOT LOCATION IN GLENOID CAVITY: COMPARISON BETWEEN ARTHROSCOPY AND CT SCAN

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess whether Bare Spot is previously displaced by proportion (MEASURE BP-A × 1.25/MEASURE BP-P = 1). Methods: 35 patients with surgical indication for rotator cuff injury repair were evaluated. The distances from the Bare Spot to the anterior edge of the glenoid cavity (BS-A) and to the posterior edge (BS-P) were measured by arthroscopy and computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction of the scapula. Results: The distance from the Bare Spot to the anterior border (BS-A tc) was 11.6 mm with a median 12 mm; The distance to the posterior border (BS-P tc) was on average 15.5 mm with a median 15 mm. The distances from BS to anterior cavity edge measured by arthroscopy were on average (BS-A video) 12.25 mm with a median of 12 mm, and from BS to posterior edge (BS-P video) 16.25 mm on average with median 16 mm (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Bare Spot is displaced anteriorly at a proportion of 40% of the anterior margin and 60% of the posterior margin. Level of Evidence II - Development of diagnostic criteria on consecutive patients (with universally applied reference “gold standard”).

Is the Bare Spot reliable for the bone loss measurement?

Background To evaluate the reliability of the Bare Spot (BS) as an anatomical landmark for the intra-operative definition of bone loss in anterior shoulder instability. Methods The distances from the BS to the anterior (BS-A), posterior (BS-P) and inferior margins of the glenoid cavity were determined both under arthroscopic visualization and by an open approach in 20 shoulders. Results The BS did not coincide with the centre of the glenoid cavity of the studied shoulders because the BS-P distance was greater than the BS-A distance ( p < 0.05) and was located 40% closer to the anterior margin. The authors suggest a correction factor: BP-A × 1.25/BP-P = 1. Conclusions The BS is located at a mean distance of 40% of the joint diameter, relative to the anterior margin of the glenoid. This point may be used as a landmark, using a correction factor of its mostly anterior positioning. Arthroscopy was reliable for bone measurements of the shoulder joint.

Bare Spot Defect on a Hot Dip Galvanized DP Sheet Strip

Bare spots defect of galvanealed (GA) in High Strength Dual Phase (DP) steel strip with 1.5 % Mn contain was studied in detail. The surface morphologies of spot defects before and after partial and complete removal of the Zn layer, as well as the interface between the outermost coating layer and the sheet substrate were analyzed by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES) and laser scanning confocal microscope(LSCM). It was found that the bare spots defect was composed of a large number of pits with different sizes and depths. There were a lot of Fe - Zn alloy particles distributed in the pits, and many MnO formed on the surface, no effective Fe2Al5 inhibition layer formed. The results showed that the main reasons for the bare spots defect of the GA in High Strength DP steel strip are as follows: a silicon oxide film forms on the substrate during annealing prior to hot dipping because of Mn gathered on the surface of steel strip, thus strip surface wettability with liquid zinc is deteriorated and preventing the formation of the Fe2Al5 inhibition layer during hot dipping. In this paper, the dew point control process is introduced creatively, by increasing the dew point and the hydrogen content in the furnace area, and the bare spot defects on the surface of the high strength duplex steel galvanized sheet are solved.

Liverworts and mosses at the top of Elbrus (Caucasus) and bryophytes near limits of their altitudinal distribution

Two liverwort and two moss species were recorded from the outer side on the Eastern crater rim of Mt. Elbrus at 5590 m, on bare spot free of snow and ice about 10 × 20 m heated by geothermal activity. They are Marsupella boeckii, which is recorded for the first time for Caucasus, M. cf. funckii recorded for the first time for Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, rare in forest belt in Caucasus Atrichum cf. angustatum and widespread Pohlia nutans. Their morphology, distribution and emergence at the top of Elbrus are discussed. Comparison of known data on the highest bryophyte records worldwide demonstrates their dissimilarity in different mountains. The bryophyte location at the top of Elbrus is highest in Russia and Europe. Despite it is lower than the known highest bryophyte records in the lower latitudes it is quite comparable with them due to more severe conditions at the top of Elbrus situated at 43°N.

The Influence of Major Defects on the Properties of Continuous Galvanized Steel Sheet

Production of defect-free galvanized steel sheet is considered a major concern for automotive and other critical applications; nevertheless, the occurrence of some defects in the coated sheets is unavoidable. In order to alleviate the problem, we need to know the extent to which the properties of a galvanized sheet are influenced by the presence of a given defect. In this investigation, specimens including any of the two major defects of continuously galvanized steel sheets were selected from a large number of coated samples. The defects, including furnace roll pimples and bare spots, were microstructurally characterized and their influence on corrosion behaviour and mechanical properties of the steel sheet was evaluated. Corrosion resistance was examined via standard salt spray test and Tafel polarization. Tensile test was employed as a measure of mechanical properties of the defective galvanized sheets. The results indicated that the presence of defects had little influence on the tensile properties of the samples, but considerably reduced their corrosion resistance. Based on the results of salt spray tests, pimples reduced corrosion resistance of galvanized sheets 23 % (50 hours) on average and bare spot defects caused reduction in corrosion resistance up to 39%.