Ten-Year Growth in Two Fertilization Experiments in a Semimature Jack Pine Stand in Northwestern Ontario

1977 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Morrison ◽  
N. W. Foster ◽  
D. A. Winston ◽  
H. S. D. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Site Class ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Control Response ◽  
A Site ◽  
Fertilization Experiments ◽  
Range Test

Two fertilization experiments were established in a 55-year-old, relatively pure jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stand on a Site Class III sandy site in northwestern Ontario. In both the following response variables were estimated after 10 years: mean DBH increment, BA increment (absolute and per cent) and total and merchantable volume increment. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. In the first experiment urea and ammonium nitrate at two levels of application were tested against controls. Significant increases over controls, in terms of BA and total and merchantable volume increments, occurred only with urea at 336 kg N/ha. With this treatment response was good; approximately 20 m3/ha extra merchantable wood over controls was produced over 10 years. In the second experiment N, P, and K were applied in fixed mixture, with and without lime, at five levels of application plus control. Response was generally poor with no treatment producing a statistically significant increase over control in relation to any variable. The best treatment, NPK at 1 120 kg/ha of fertilizer plus lime, produced an increase in merchantable volume over controls of less than 8 m3/ha over 10 years.

Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium fertilizers on growth of a semimature jack pine forest, northwestern Ontario

1995 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Morrison ◽  
N. W. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Forest Fertilization ◽  
Site Class ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
A Site ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

In the spring of 1969, an experiment to test response (mean DBH, BA, BA%, and total and merchantable volume increments) to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) fertilizers, singly and in combination, was established in a semimature jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) forest on a Site Class III sandy site in the Dryden-Sioux Lookout area of northwestern Ontario, Canada. Analysis of variance of 10-year increments revealed highly significant (P = 0.01) responses of mean DBH increment, BA and percent BA increments, and total and merchantable volume increments to N, but no response to either P or Mg. An interaction between N and P was noted, however, in relation to BA and to total and merchantable volume increments. The best treatment in terms of total volume increment over that of the control was 151 kg N ha−1 plus 62 kg Mg ha−1, which produced ca. 16 m3 ha−1 of extra wood over 10 years. Key words: forest fertilization, nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium fertilizers, jack pine growth response

scholarly journals Distribution and occurrence of western gall rust in thinned jack pine stands

1994 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 788-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Hills ◽  
D. M. Morris ◽  
C. Bowling
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Commercial Thinning ◽  
Endocronartium Harknessii ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Stem Gall

Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is one of the most important commercial species in northwestern Ontario and is the principal host of one of the most serious stem rusts, western gall rust (WGR) caused by Endocronartium harknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hirat. In 1986 a trial was established to determine, in part, effects of precommercial thinning on the distribution and occurrence of WGR in jack pine. A 9 year-old aerially seeded jack pine stand was thinned to square spacings of 1 m, 1.5 m, 2 m, 2.5 m, 3 m and a control. Fifth-year results indicated that a significant quadratic trend (p = 0.014) existed between spacing and stem gall infection rate. The incidence of WGR (stem galls) increased as stand density decreased to a maximum at 1.5 m spacing, and then declined to roughly the infection rate of the control at the lowest density (3 m). A significant relationship (0.084) between crown class and the rate of branch gall infection rate was also detected. The branch gall infection rate decreased from 6.2% year−1 for dominant trees to 2.8% year−1 for trees categorized as suppressed. Based on these results, pre-commercial thinning operations should target those trees with main stem galls and/or numerous branch galls, regardless of size and crown position, and then focus on the removal of suppressed trees to meet the desired density target. This strategy should not only enhance growth of the remaining trees, but also reduce WGR inoculum levels and reduce future WGR-related mortality. Key words: jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), western gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii (J.R Moore) Y. Hirat.), pre-commercial thinning, white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi Peck.)

Ten-year Response of Semimature Jack Pine Forest in Northwestern Ontario to Fall Nitrogen-Phosphorus and Nitrogen-Potassium Fertilizer Treatments

1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 208-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Morrison ◽  
N. W. Foster ◽  
H. S. D. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Forest Fertilization ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Results are reported from the third in a series of three industry-sponsored forest fertilization field trials established in an approximately 55-year-old jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stand in the Dryden-Sioux Lookout area of northwestern Ontario. The experiment was of randomized block design and tested various combinations of N plus P and N plus K. The experiment was unique in that fertilizers were applied in the fall on approximately 5 cm of early snow. Significant increases over control for several parameters after both five and ten years were noted for several treatments. Best response in relation to total volume increment over ten years was to N at 112 kg/ha plus K at 93 kg/ha where 21.72 m3/ha of extra wood was produced.

Trends in growing space efficiency of four boreal forest species based on yield table data

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 2215-2222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
Site Class ◽  
Space Efficiency ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Table Data

Yield tables are used to identify trends in growing space efficiency (GSE) and to relate GSE to self-tolerance and intraspecific competition. The method is useful when data specifically collected for this purpose are not available. Plonski’s normal yield tables for jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) are used. An exponential volume–age function was partitioned into volume–area and area–age functions. The exponents of these two components form the B/D ratio, which is used to determine the mode of the stand at a given time, e.g., if B/D is <3/2, then the stand is in area occupation mode, and if B/D is >3/2, then the stand is in area exploitation mode. The dominant mode is the one most responsive to availability of growth resources, showing greater acceleration when resources are plentiful and more rapid deceleration when resources are scarce. Jack pine and paper birch are identified as area occupiers, whereas trembling aspen and black spruce are area exploiters and are therfore self-tolerant. Asymmetric competition was deemed to be present for paper birch throughout the life of the stand on site class I and for trembling aspen on all sites prior to senescence.

Jack Pine Seedling Performance Improved by Pisolithus tinctorius

1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 212-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Navratil ◽  
N. J. Phillips ◽  
A. Wynia
Keyword(s):  
Jack Pine ◽  
Pisolithus Tinctorius ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Site Class ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Seedling Roots ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
One Year ◽  
A Site

Containerized jack pine seedlings were treated with experimental commercial (Abbott) and laboratory (IMRD-USDA) products of Pisolithus tinctorius inoculum and raised at two fertility levels. After a four-month growing period, seedlings were outplanted on a Site Class 2 jack pine site in N.W. Ontario. An evaluation prior to outplanting confirmed that seedlings from all inoculated treatments had formed Pt mycorrhizae. The highest levels of Pt mycorrhizae were induced by the IMRD inoculum. Seedlings raised at the lower fertility level were smaller in size but developed more mycorrhizae than their fully fertilized counterparts. Assessment of growth one year after outplanting confirmed the superior performance of inoculated seedlings. Height growth, more than any other aspect, was very closely related to the amount of Pt mycorrhizae on seedling roots at the time of planting. Seedlings treated with the IMRD inoculum showed the greatest overall increases in growth. These increases in the second season were sufficient to compensate for the reduced initial size of seedlings due to the lower fertility. Pisolithus tinctorius was re-isolated from the roots of the outplanted seedlings and, therefore, appears capable of overwintering in the Boreal forest.

Negligible Cull and Growth Loss of Jack Pine Associated with Globose Gall Rust

1983 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 308-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Endocronartium Harknessii ◽  
Growth Loss ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Mature Stands

The height and diameter of galled and unaffected jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) were compared for five stands in northwestern Ontario. The severity of infection by globose gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii [J.P. Moore] Y. Hirat.) was rated as the total number of galls per tree and the number of stem galls per tree.Comparison of galled with unaffected trees in all stands showed essentially no size difference. Tree size increased relative to the number of galls per tree in one of the stands. This relationship was interpreted as reflecting that large individuals had more sites susceptible to infection. Trees were more uniform in size for the other stands and no size difference associated with numbers of galls was apparent.Galls were observed on the branches but not on the main stem of trees studied in mature stands. Hence, defect associated with the merchantable portion of the bole was nil. Both stem galls and branch galls were fairly common in young stands, an indication that jack pines with stem galls usually die as stands mature. Observations in other jack pine stands indicate that galled tissue and associated tree parts frequently do die.

Phenotypic variation in cone and needle characters of Pinus banksiana (jack pine) in northwestern Ontario

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeline L. Maley ◽  
William H. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Variable Environment ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Needle Morphology

To investigate the pattern of natural variation of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), 64 natural stands from northwestern Ontario were compared based on phenotypic variation of cone and needle morphology. Cone and needle traits were determined for 10 trees from each stand. Vegetation and soil data for the stands were determined following the procedures established by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Forest Ecosystem Classification program. Climatic data for each stand were interpolated using a geographic information system based on 1951 to 1980 data for Ontario and Minnesota weather stations. Nested analyses of variance indicated that most of the variation was expressed between trees and within trees, with relatively little (1.6 – 18.9% depending on the trait) expressed between sampled populations. Discriminant analysis of cone and needle data indicated that the 64 populations generally varied longitudinally with a steep cline in the Nipigon area (ca. 88°15′W) apparent for cone data. A corresponding irregularity in the pattern of needle variation suggested that the modern pattern may be the result of separate lineages, i.e., descendents from two migration routes along eastern and western shores of Lake Superior or from two refugia. However, temperature data follows a similar pattern in this area of Ontario, and multiple regression of the discriminant analysis score means for the 64 sampled populations against elevation, climatic, and soil data indicated that much of the cone and needle variation expressed between populations could be accounted for by the regressions. Thus, the observed patterns of phenotypic variation may simply be the result of local adaptations to a variable environment. Key words: jack pine, Pinus banksiana, phenotypic variation, cone traits, needle traits, northwestern Ontario.

Vertical patterns in specific volume increment along stems of dominant jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and black spruce (Picea mariana) after thinning

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venceslas Goudiaby ◽  
Suzanne Brais ◽  
Frank Berninger ◽  
Robert Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Specific Volume ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Foliage Density

Jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) total stem volume increment and vertical growth distribution after thinning were quantified and related to foliage biomass, foliage density, and growth efficiency (GE) (stem to foliage biomass ratio). Significant positive stem volume increments were observed following thinning for jack pine (3 years after) and black spruce (4 years after). Both species reacted differently in terms of the distribution in specific volume increments (SVI) (annual stem volume increment to cambial surface ratio): (i) for jack pine, an increase in SVI was first observed at the base of the tree, with the increase moving upwards, showing that the taper was likely to increase following thinning and (ii) for black spruce, the vertical distribution of SVI was constant, leading to no modifications in stem taper. For jack pine, total stem volume growth was related to an increase in GE and a greater foliage biomass at midcrown, with foliage density staying constant. For black spruce, however, no changes in GE, foliage biomass, and foliage mass density were observed.

scholarly journals Ten-year Growth Response to Fertilizer of a 90-year-old Black Spruce Stand in Northwestern Ontario

1976 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 233-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Morrison ◽  
N. W. Foster ◽  
D. A. Winston ◽  
H. S. D. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Range Test

A fertilizer experiment with three levels of urea, two of triple superphosphate and two of muriate of potash was established in a 90-year-old black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) stand on a moist-to-wet site in northwestern Ontario. Response variables estimated or measured at 6 and 10 years after fertilization were mean DBH increment, BA increment (per cent and absolute), and total and merchantable volume increment. Analysis of variance and Duncan's New Multiple Range Test were carried out. Results indicated significant growth response only for one combination of N and P, and only in relation to mean DBH increment. No interactions were significant. Inspection of data revealed trends suggesting that response, which was limited, was generally to P and to a smaller degree to N. Compared with literature values, volume growth responses were generally low, about 9 m3/ha estimated total volume increment over controls in 10 years. Possible reasons for low response, including nutrient loss (particularly of N) from the root zone and low application rates are discussed.

scholarly journals Trade-Offs among Release Treatments in Jack Pine Plantations: Twenty-Five Year Responses

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Holly D. Deighton ◽  
Frederick Wayne Bell ◽  
Nelson Thiffault ◽  
Eric B. Searle ◽  
Mathew Leitch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Forest Diversity ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Jack Pine Forests ◽  
Stand Yield ◽  
Forest Managers

We assessed 27 indicators of plant diversity, stand yield and individual crop tree responses 25 years post-treatment to determine long-term trade-offs among conifer release treatments in boreal and sub-boreal forests. This research addresses the lack of longer-term data needed by forest managers to implement more integrated vegetation management programs, supporting more informed decisions about release treatment choice. Four treatments (untreated control, motor-manual brushsaw, single aerial spray, and complete competition removal) were established at two jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) sites in Ontario, Canada. Our results suggest that plant diversity and productivity in boreal jack pine forests are significantly influenced by vegetation management treatments. Overall, release treatments did not cause a loss of diversity but benefitted stand-scale yield and individual crop tree growth, with maximum benefits occurring in more intensive release treatments. However, none of the treatments maximized all 27 indicators studied; thus, forest managers are faced with trade-offs when choosing treatments. Research on longer term effects, ideally through at least one rotation, is essential to fully understand outcomes of different vegetation management on forest diversity, stand yield, and individual crop tree responses.

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