scholarly journals DECAY OF LODGEPOLE PINE IN TWO FOOTHILLS SECTIONS OF THE BOREAL FOREST IN ALBERTA

1963 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Loman ◽  
G. D. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Coniophora Puteana ◽  
Considerable Loss

Cull in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) is highly variable in the B19a and B19c Sections of the Boreal Forest in Alberta, depending upon whether the wood is used for pulp or sawed products. Sixty-nine per cent of 2,436 sample trees were suspected of containing volumes of red heartwood stain and advanced decay on the basis of the presence of external defects. Fifty-three per cent of the suspects were sound, 36 per cent had red heartwood stain and 11 per cent were partly or entirely decayed. Sixty per cent of the trees without external defects were sound, and 40 per cent had red heartwood stain. In cubic-foot measure decay was unimportant in stands less than 100 years old. In older stands a few infested trees accounted for most of the decay. In foot-board measure 62 of 2,746 sample trees were totally culled and 122 were partially culled. Considerable loss occured in 90-year old and older stands near Whitecourt and in 170-year old stands in the other sample areas. Fomes pini (Thore) Lloyd and Polyporus tomentosus Fr. were the principal fungi isolated from white pitted trunk rots. P. tomentosus and Flammula alnicola (Fr.) Kummer were isolated most frequently from white pitted root and butt rots, and Coniophora puteana (Schum. ex Fr.) Karst. from brown cubical root and butt rots. Peniophora pseudo-pini Weres. and Gibson was the most frequently isolated fungus but was always associated with red heartwood stain. Scars of all kinds were the most important points of entry for decay fungi.

THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE LOCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF DECAY FUNGI IN LODGEPOLE PINE LOGGING SLASH

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1545-1559 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Loman
Keyword(s):  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Wood Block ◽  
Fungal Flora ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Coniophora Puteana ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Temperature Optima

In an investigation to determine the fungal flora of lodgepole pine logging slash and the growth rates and decaying abilities of the principal fungi in vitro as contrasted with conditions in nature, four hymenomycetes were isolated consistently and proved to cause most of the decay; Lenzites saepiaria Wulf. ex Fr., Peniophora phlebioides Jacks. and Dearden, Stereum sanguinolentum Alb. and Schw. ex Fr., and Coniophora puteana (Schum. ex Fr.) Karst. These four fungi comprised 80% of the basidiomycetes isolated from slash. Peniophora phlebioides predominated in the upper portions of individual pieces of slash, Lenzites saepiaria in the center, and Coniophora puteana and Stereum sanguinolentum in the lower portions. Relatively broad temperature ranges and high temperature optima were demonstrated for P. phlebioides and L. saepiaria to grow and cause decay, in contrast with the narrower temperature ranges and lower optimal temperatures demonstrated for C. puteana and S. sanguinolentum. The internal temperatures of slash were proved to fluctuate between wider extremes in the upper portions of slash than in the lower portions. This is believed to be a partial explanation of the characteristic distributions of individual fungi within slash. The relative decaying abilities of the four main fungi as indicated by wood block tests, in decreasing order of importance were: L. saepiaria, C. puteana, P. phlebioides, S. sanguinolentum. Because of its greater frequency, however, P. phlebioides probably ranks higher in the scale of slash decayers than C. puteana.

The effect of heartwood fungi of Pinus contorta var. latifolia on pinosylvin, pinosylvinmonomethyl ether, pinobanksin, and pinocembrin

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Loman
Keyword(s):  
Optical Density ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Maximum Absorption ◽  
Fungus Flora ◽  
Coniophora Puteana ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

The heartwood of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) contains considerable amounts of fungitoxic phenolics, but also possesses an extensive fungus flora. Two of the most frequently isolated fungi, Peniophora pseudo-pini Weres. & Gibson and Tympanis hypopodia Nyl., effected the most rapid decrease in concentration of pinosylvin, pinosylvinmonomethyl ether, pinocembrin, and pinobanksin in lodgepole pine heartwood meal. Three mechanisms for the removal of pinosylvin were observed. The laccase-producing ascomycetes, Coryne sarcoides (Dicks. ex Fr.) Bon. and T. hypopodia, caused a decrease in optical density as well as a maximum absorption shift of pinosylvin from 310 mμ to 300 mμ. This shift could be related to the appearance of a new compound which absorbed at 300 mμ. Three laccase-producing basidiomycetes, P. pseudo-pini, Stereum sanguinolentum Alb. & Schw. ex Fr., and Fomes pini (Thore ex Fr.) Lloyd, caused decreases in the concentration of pinosylvin that were concurrent with red stain formation in infected heartwood meal, but were not associated with maximum absorption shifts. The non-laccase-producing brown rot fungus, Coniophora puteana Schum. ex Fr., caused a maximum absorption shift of pinosylvin from 310 to 320 mμ. However, the concentration of altered pinosylvin did not decrease below that of pinosylvin in the control. All fungi were living at the conclusion of the experiment.

The Bark Beetle Complex Associated with Lodgepole Pine Slash in Alberta: Part IV—Distribution, Population Densities, and Effects of Several Environmental Factors

1957 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 437-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Pure Stand ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Experimental Area

The investigation reported in this series was carried out with the object of determining the bark-beetle complex associated with slash accumulated under different cutting methods and the hiolosies, distribution, and abundance of the more important bark-beetle parasites and predators throughout the experimental area. This area is in the region termed by Halliday (1937), the B19 or foot-hills section of the Boreal Forest. The experimental area contained a pure stand of even-aged (80 years) lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl., var. latifolia Engelm., and is located near Strachan, approximately 20 miles southwest of Rocky Mountain House, Alberta.

Bioassays of fungi isolated from Pinus contorta var. latifolia with pinosylvin, pinosylvinmonomethyl ether, pinobanksin, and pinocembrin

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 1303-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Loman
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Malt Extract Agar ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Coniophora Puteana ◽  
Extract Agar ◽  
Agar Media

On 2% malt extract agar media containing 10% lodgepole pine heartwood meal, laccase-producing Peniophora pseudo-pini Weres. & Gibson and Fomes pini (Thore ex Fr.) Lloyd survived 400 p.p.m. of dispersed non-solvated pinosylvin, double the lethal dose of pinosylvin for these fungi on 2% malt extract agar. Non-laccase-producing Coniophora puteana Schum. ex Fr. survived 200 p.p.m. of pinosylvin on 2% malt extract agar containing 10% heartwood meal. The lethal dose of pinosylvin for C. puteana on 2% malt extract agar was 50 p.p.m.On 2% malt extract agar and on 2% malt extract containing 1% cellobiose, 200 p.p.m. of the flavanone pinocembrin permitted the survival of P. pseudo-pini in the presence of 200 p.p.m. of pinosylvin. F. pini survived 200 p.p.m. of pinosylvin on 2% malt extract agar containing 1% cellobiose. This fungus survived when 200 p.p.m. of the flavanone pinocembrin were added to 200 p.p.m. of pinosylvin on 2% malt extract agar.

Forest structure altered by mountain pine beetle outbreaks affects subsequent attack in a Wyoming lodgepole pine forest, USA

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 2403-2412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Kashian ◽  
Rebecca M. Jackson ◽  
Heather D. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
The 1960S

Extensive outbreaks of the mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) will alter the structure of many stands that will likely be attacked again before experiencing a stand-replacing fire. We examined a stand of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) in Grand Teton National Park currently experiencing a moderate-level outbreak and previously attacked by mountain pine beetle in the 1960s. Consistent with published studies, tree diameter was the main predictor of beetle attack on a given tree, large trees were preferentially attacked, and tree vigor, age, and cone production were unimportant variables for beetle attack at epidemic levels. Small trees killed in the stand were killed based mainly on their proximity to large trees and were likely spatially aggregated with large trees as a result of the previous outbreak. We concluded that the driving factors of beetle attack and their spatial patterns are consistent across outbreak severities but that stand structure altered by the previous outbreak had implications for the current outbreaks in the same location. This study should catalyze additional research that examines how beetle-altered stand structure affects future outbreaks — an important priority for predicting their impacts under climate change scenarios that project increases in outbreak frequency and extent.

Incidence of main stem infections of lodgepole pine by western gall rust decreases with tree age

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1314-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V Blenis ◽  
Wuhan Li
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Artificial Inoculations

Infection of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) by western gall rust has been shown to decrease with tree height and age, but the effects of those two factors have not been separated. Five replicate artificial inoculations were done on a total of 327 trees of different ages in two height classes. Temperature and percentage of spore germination at the height of inoculation, shoot development (stem elongation at the time of inoculation as a proportion of final shoot elongation), main stem leader length at the time of inoculation, tree height, and tree age were measured. Modeled percentages of infected trees and the number of galls per 10 cm of shoot length decreased by 85% and 88%, respectively, as tree age increased between 2 and 10 years, indicating the undesirability of early, aggressive precommercial thinning of lodgepole pine stands in areas where western gall rust is common. By controlling and (or) statistically accounting for inoculum, microclimate, and phenological factors, it was possible to demonstrate that changes in susceptibility with tree age are sufficient to account for the reduction in infection with tree height.

Modeling the effects of fire and climate change on carbon and nitrogen storage in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) stands

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. H. SMITHWICK ◽  
M. G. RYAN ◽  
D. M. KASHIAN ◽  
W. H. ROMME ◽  
D. B. TINKER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Storage ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen

Distribution of leaf orientations in six conifer species

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh J Barclay
Keyword(s):  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Abies Grandis

Leaf angle distributions are important in assessing both the flexibility of a plant's response to differing daily and seasonal sun angles and also the variability in the proportion of total leaf area visible in remotely sensed images. Leaf angle distributions are presented for six conifer species, Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., Thuja plicata Donn. ex D. Don, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia. The leaf angles were calculated by measuring four foliar quantities, and then the distributions of leaf angles are cast in three forms: distributions of (i) the angle of the long axis of the leaf from the vertical for the range 0–180°; (ii) the angle of the long axis of the leaf for the range 0–90°; and (iii) the angle of the plane of the leaf for the range 0–90°. Each of these are fit to the ellipsoidal distribution to test the hypothesis that leaf angles in conifers are sufficiently random to fit the ellipsoidal distribution. The fit was generally better for planar angles and for longitudinal angles between 0° and 90° than for longitudinal angles between 0° and 180°. The fit was also better for Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea sitchensis, and Pinus contorta than for Abies grandis and Thuja plicata. This is probably because Abies and Thuja are more shade tolerant than the other species, and so the leaves in Abies and Thuja are preferentially oriented near the horizontal and are much less random than for the other species. Comparisons of distributions on individual twigs, whole branches, entire trees, and groups of trees were done to test the hypothesis that angle distributions will depend on scale, and these comparisons indicated that the apparent randomness and goodness-of-fit increased on passing to each larger unit (twigs up to groups of trees).Key words: conifer, leaf angles, ellipsoidal distribution.

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