scholarly journals Functionality and Aesthetics of Furniture - Numerical Expression of Subjective Value

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-332
Author(s):  
Mária Réka Antal ◽  
Danijela Domljan ◽  
Péter György Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Value ◽  
Numerical Expression

Stereotype Internalization, Math Perceptions, and Occupational Choices of Women With Counter-Stereotypical University Majors

2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginie Bonnot ◽  
Jean-Claude Croizet
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Occupational Choices ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Performance Expectancies ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Stereotype Endorsement

Based on Eccles’ (1987) model of academic achievement-related decisions, we tested whether women, who are engaged in mathematical fields at university, have internalized, to some extent, the stereotype about women’s inferiority in math. The results indicate that men and women do not assess their ability self-concept, subjective value of math, or performance expectancies differently. However, women’s degree of stereotype endorsement has a negative impact on their ability self-concept and their performance expectancies, but does not affect their value of the math domain. Moreover, members of both genders envisage stereotypical careers after university graduation.

scholarly journals Mirror neurons are modulated by grip force and reward expectation in the sensorimotor cortices (S1, M1, PMd, PMv)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Moin Uddin Atique ◽  
Joseph Thachil Francis
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Mirror Neurons ◽  
Grip Force ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Virtual Object ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractMirror Neurons (MNs) respond similarly when primates make or observe grasping movements. Recent work indicates that reward expectation influences rostral M1 (rM1) during manual, observational, and Brain Machine Interface (BMI) reaching movements. Previous work showed MNs are modulated by subjective value. Here we expand on the above work utilizing two non-human primates (NHPs), one male Macaca Radiata (NHP S) and one female Macaca Mulatta (NHP P), that were trained to perform a cued reward level isometric grip-force task, where the NHPs had to apply visually cued grip-force to move and transport a virtual object. We found a population of (S1 area 1–2, rM1, PMd, PMv) units that significantly represented grip-force during manual and observational trials. We found the neural representation of visually cued force was similar during observational trials and manual trials for the same units; however, the representation was weaker during observational trials. Comparing changes in neural time lags between manual and observational tasks indicated that a subpopulation fit the standard MN definition of observational neural activity lagging the visual information. Neural activity in (S1 areas 1–2, rM1, PMd, PMv) significantly represented force and reward expectation. In summary, we present results indicating that sensorimotor cortices have MNs for visually cued force and value.

scholarly journals Correct response negativity may reflect subjective value of reaction time under regulatory fit in a speed‐rewarded task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin T. Files ◽  
Kimberly A. Pollard ◽  
Ashley H. Oiknine ◽  
Peter Khooshabeh ◽  
Antony D. Passaro
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Regulatory Fit ◽  
Subjective Value

scholarly journals An Exploratory Analysis of Museum Attributes from the Perspective of Tourists and Residents: The Case of Thyssen-Bornemisza National Museum, Madrid, Spain

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Alicia Orea-Giner ◽  
Jorge Calero-Sanz ◽  
Carmen De-Pablos-Heredero ◽  
Trinidad Vacas-Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Local Community ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Visitor Experience ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Cultural Sustainability ◽  
Museum Management ◽  
Visitor Perceptions ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Attribute Evaluation

Attribute evaluation provides an understanding of the perceived quality and subjective value of the museum visitor experience. The principal contribution of this paper is to analyze the attributes perceived by tourists and the local community (Madrid residents) of the Thyssen-Bornemisza National Museum (Madrid, Spain), utilizing the results from choice experiment and willingness-to-pay questionnaires. To analyze in depth the assessment regarding the museum attributes and the visitor perceptions of them, the relevance-determination model was applied. Data collection was achieved with a questionnaire using a convenience sample of international tourists and the local community, providing a total of 775 valid surveys. The results of the application of the relevance-determination analysis (RDA) show that there are two types of attributes: higher-impact core and lower-importance attributes. The attributes with the highest subjective value perceived by interviewed tourists and interviewed residents are the location, the building, and the permanent collection. These results show that there are substantial differences between the perception and appreciation of these attributes by interviewed residents and interviewed tourists. The results provide valuable information that can be applied in practice to devise strategies for economic and socio-cultural sustainability aimed at improving decision-making in museum management.

scholarly journals No consistent startle modulation by reward

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Schutte ◽  
Johanna M. P. Baas ◽  
Ivo Heitland ◽  
J. Leon Kenemans
Keyword(s):  
Startle Reflex ◽  
Task Engagement ◽  
Future Experiment ◽  
Reflex Modulation ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Potential Gain ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Startle Modulation ◽  
Aversive Motivation

AbstractPrevious studies have not clearly demonstrated whether motivational tendencies during reward feedback are mainly characterized by appetitive responses to a gain or mainly by aversive consequences of reward omission. In the current study this issue was addressed employing a passive head or tails game and using the startle reflex as an index of the appetitive-aversive continuum. A second aim of the current study was to use startle-reflex modulation as a means to compare the subjective value of monetary rewards of varying magnitude. Startle responses after receiving feedback that a potential reward was won or not won were compared with a baseline condition without a potential gain. Furthermore, startle responses during anticipation of no versus potential gain were compared. Consistent with previous studies, startle-reflex magnitudes were significantly potentiated when participants anticipated a reward compared to no reward, which may reflect anticipatory arousal. Specifically for the largest reward (20-cents) startle magnitudes were potentiated when a reward was at stake but not won, compared to a neutral baseline without potential gain. In contrast, startle was not inhibited relative to baseline when a reward was won. This suggests that startle modulation during feedback is better characterized in terms of potentiation when missing out on reward rather than in terms of inhibition as a result of winning. However, neither of these effects were replicated in a more targeted second experiment. The discrepancy between these experiments may be due to differences in motivation to obtain rewards or differences in task engagement. From these experiments it may be concluded that the nature of the processing of reward feedback and reward cues is very sensitive to experimental parameters and settings. These studies show how apparently modest changes in these parameters and settings may lead to quite different modulations of appetitive/aversive motivation. A future experiment may shed more light on the question whether startle-reflex modulation after feedback is indeed mainly characterized by the aversive consequences of reward omission for relatively large rewards.

scholarly journals Corticostriatal Circuits Encode the Subjective Value of Perceived Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 5049-5060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kainan S Wang ◽  
Mauricio R Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Control ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Option ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Binary Choices ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
Evoked Activity

AbstractThe ability to perceive and exercise control over an outcome is both desirable and beneficial to our well-being. It has been shown that animals and humans alike exhibit behavioral bias towards seeking control and that such bias recruits the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and striatum. Yet, this bias remains to be quantitatively captured and studied neurally. Here, we employed a behavioral task to measure the preference for control and characterize its neural underpinnings. Participants made a series of binary choices between having control and no-control over a game for monetary reward. The mere presence of the control option evoked activity in the ventral striatum. Importantly, we manipulated the expected value (EV) of each choice pair to extract the pairing where participants were equally likely to choose either option. The difference in EV between the options at this point of equivalence was inferred as the subjective value of control. Strikingly, perceiving control inflated the reward value of the associated option by 30% and this value inflation was tracked by the vmPFC. Altogether, these results capture the subjective value of perceived control inherent in decision making and highlight the role of corticostriatal circuitry in the perception of control.

When Is More Better?

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 234-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher K. Hsee ◽  
Yuval Rottenstreich ◽  
Zhixing Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Value ◽  
The Relationship

We examine three determinants of the relationship between the magnitude of a stimulus and a person's subjective “value” of that stimulus: the process by which value is assessed (either by feeling or by calculation), the evaluability of the relevant magnitude variable (whether the desirability of a given level of that variable can be evaluated independently), and the mode of evaluation (whether stimuli are encountered and evaluated jointly or separately). Reliance on feeling, lack of evaluability, and separate evaluation lead to insensitivity to magnitude. An analysis invoking these factors provides a novel account for why people typically become less sensitive to changes in the magnitude of a stimulus as magnitude increases.

The effect of plane of nutrition on the carcasses of pigs and lambs when variations in fat content are excluded

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. H. Elsley ◽  
I. McDonald ◽  
V. R. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Relative Retardation ◽  
Numerical Expression

1. From a review of the literature it has been shown that there are two opposing views regarding the best method of interpreting growth data, which arise from conflicting opinions as to the role of fat deposition in the growth of the animal.2. Data of McMeekan and Palsson and Verges have been re-analysed and their own results are compared with results obtained when the effects of variation in fat content are eliminated.3. No evidence has been found of any effect of plane of nutrition on the total weights of bone and muscle relative to the weight of bone plus muscle together.4. The weight of bone plus muscle in the head and neck was increased relative to the total weight of bone plus muscle during periods of restricted nutrition. Apart from this there was no clear evidence of a relationship between the order of maturity of the joints and their relative retardation of development.5. Huxley's allometry equation was found appropriate for standardising the measurements, and the exponent was taken as a numerical expression of the relative maturity of each tissue or part.

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