scholarly journals Corticostriatal Circuits Encode the Subjective Value of Perceived Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 5049-5060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kainan S Wang ◽  
Mauricio R Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Control ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Option ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Binary Choices ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
Evoked Activity

AbstractThe ability to perceive and exercise control over an outcome is both desirable and beneficial to our well-being. It has been shown that animals and humans alike exhibit behavioral bias towards seeking control and that such bias recruits the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and striatum. Yet, this bias remains to be quantitatively captured and studied neurally. Here, we employed a behavioral task to measure the preference for control and characterize its neural underpinnings. Participants made a series of binary choices between having control and no-control over a game for monetary reward. The mere presence of the control option evoked activity in the ventral striatum. Importantly, we manipulated the expected value (EV) of each choice pair to extract the pairing where participants were equally likely to choose either option. The difference in EV between the options at this point of equivalence was inferred as the subjective value of control. Strikingly, perceiving control inflated the reward value of the associated option by 30% and this value inflation was tracked by the vmPFC. Altogether, these results capture the subjective value of perceived control inherent in decision making and highlight the role of corticostriatal circuitry in the perception of control.

scholarly journals Digital Goods Are Valued Less Than Physical Goods

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1343-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozgun Atasoy ◽  
Carey K Morewedge
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Control ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Psychological Ownership ◽  
Digital Goods ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Incentive Compatible ◽  
Psychology And Economics ◽  
Pay What You Want ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Digital goods are, in many cases, substantive innovations relative to their physical counterparts. Yet, in five experiments, people ascribed less value to digital than to physical versions of the same good. Research participants paid more for, were willing to pay more for, and were more likely to purchase physical goods than equivalent digital goods, including souvenir photographs, books (fiction and nonfiction), and films. Participants valued physical goods more than digital goods whether their value was elicited in an incentive compatible pay-what-you-want paradigm, with willingness to pay, or with purchase intention. Greater capacity for physical than digital goods to garner an association with the self (i.e., psychological ownership) underlies the greater value ascribed to physical goods. Differences in psychological ownership for physical and digital goods mediated the difference in their value. Experimentally manipulating antecedents and consequents of psychological ownership (i.e., expected ownership, identity relevance, perceived control) bounded this effect, and moderated the mediating role of psychological ownership. The findings show how features of objects influence their capacity to garner psychological ownership before they are acquired, and provide theoretical and practical insights for the marketing, psychology, and economics of digital and physical goods.

Mediating Role of Perceived Control of Time Between Time Management Behavior and its Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 268-284
Author(s):  
MASUD AKHTAR ◽  
MUHAMMAD NAVEED RIAZ ◽  
SHAZMA WAHEED
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Time Management ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Role Overload ◽  
University Teachers ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Management Behaviour

The present study is based on the Process Model of Time Management by Macan (1994). The study aimed to examine the mediating role of perceived control of time between time management behaviour and psychological outcomes among university teachers. Data of university teachers (N = 300) was collected through Time Management Behaviour Scale, Perceived Control of Time Scale, Warwick Edinberg Mental Well-being Scale, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale, In Role Performance Scale and Role Overload Scale. Regression analysis explained that perceived control of time mediated between time management behaviour and well-being among university teachers. Perceived control of time mediated between time management behaviour and stress among university teachers. Perceived control of time mediated between time management behaviour and job satisfaction among university teachers. Similarly, perceived control of time mediated between time management behaviour and job performance among university teachers. The study has both theoretical as well as applied significance. The findings confirmed the underlying theoretical assumptions of the Process Model of Time Management Overall the findings are valuable in the fields of educational and organizational psychology. Keywords: Time Management Behaviour, Perceived Control of Time, Well-Being, Scale, Job Satisfaction, Job Performance, Role Overload.

scholarly journals Subjective well-being across the retirement transition – historical differences and the role of perceived control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Henning ◽  
Dikla Segel-Karaps ◽  
Andreas Stenling ◽  
Oliver Huxhold
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Retirement Transition

Given substantial cohort differences in psychosocial functioning, for example perceived control, and ongoing pension reforms, the context of retirement has changed over the last decades. However, there is limited research on the consequences of such developments on historical differences in subjective well-being in the retirement transition. In the present study, we investigated historical differences in change in life satisfaction and positive affect across the retirement transition. We included perceived control as a potential mechanism behind these differences. Analyses were based on sub-samples of retirees among three nationally-representative samples of the German Ageing Survey (1996; 2002; 2008) and their respective follow-ups 6 years later. Results showed historical improvements in pre-retirement positive affect (i.e., later samples had higher pre-retirement levels), however, earlier samples showed a larger increase in positive affect across the retirement transition compared to later samples. No historical differences were found in life satisfaction. Perceived control showed no historical improvement and did not seem to contribute to historical differences in subjective well-being. Nevertheless, we found that the role of perceived control for positive affect seemingly increased over historical time. The results showed that the historical context seems to play a role in the experience of retirement, and that it is helpful to distinguish between cognitive-evaluative (e.g., life satisfaction) and affective components (e.g., positive affect) of well-being.

scholarly journals Motivation solutions for small and medium-sized enterprises in the Southern Transdanubian Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Bettina Boldizsár ◽  
Veronika Bardóczky ◽  
Orsolya Szigeti
Keyword(s):  
Employee Training ◽  
Employee Motivation ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Business Executives ◽  
Motivation Strategy ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Difference

The singularity of human resources and the complex interests in the world of work are a constant challenge for business executives and HR colleagues. While the difference between the performance of a motivated and an unmotivated employee can be up to twice as much at almost the same cost level, the motivation strategy is typically either absent from the business life, or operates on a reactive concept based on an unconscious design. Although the mere presence of motivation and its various levels are less quantifiable in exact terms with direct tools, a performance which is much weaker than possible is measurable in the short and long term, and its negative economic results are clear. The aim of the research is to examine the motivational practices of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in the Southern Transdanubian Region. Involving 300 businesses we evaluated the applied wage system, the role of money among the motivational tools, the extent and causes of fluctuation, the system of employee training, the way of performance evaluation, the reasons for underperformance, the importance of motivation, the company motivation strategy and the efforts to retain the key people. The employee motivation can be increase in several forms, but the priority of needs and claims is constantly changing. Updating this motivational matrix is a real leadership challenge, but this effort can pay off multiple times. According to the results it can be stated that the motivation strategy – as a key economic issue – is not given sufficient attention in business practices.

scholarly journals Defining the Roles of Advisors and Mentors in Postgraduate Medical Education: Faculty Perceptions, Roles, Responsibilities, and Resource Needs

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne K. Woods ◽  
Leigh Burgess ◽  
Catherine Kaminetzky ◽  
Diana McNeill ◽  
Sandro Pinheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Residency Program ◽  
Faculty Perceptions ◽  
Postgraduate Medical Education ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Resource Needs ◽  
Resident Advisors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background Residency program directors rely on an informal network of faculty mentors to provide guidance for residents. Faced with increasingly sophisticated competency-based evaluation systems and scrutiny of patient safety and resident well-being in today's environment, residency programs need more structured mechanisms for mentoring. Objective To clarify the role of resident advisors and mentors so that residents receive the right combination of direction and oversight to ensure their successful transition to the next phase of their careers. Methods The Duke Internal Medicine Residency Program undertook a formal assessment of the roles, responsibilities, and resource needs of its key faculty through a focus group made up of key faculty. A follow-up focus group of residents and chief residents was held to validate the results of the faculty group assessment. Results The distinction between advising and mentoring was our important discovery and is supported by literature that identifies that mentors and advisors differ in multiple ways. A mentor is often selected to match resources and expertise with a resident's needs or professional interests. An advisor is assigned with a role to counsel and guide the resident through the residency processes, procedures, and key learning milestones. Conclusion The difference between the role of advisor and that of mentor is of critical importance and allowed for the evolution of faculty participants' role as resident advisors, including the formulation of expectations for advisors, and the creation of an advisor toolkit. Our modifiable toolkit can enhance the advising process for residents in many disciplines. We saw an improvement in resident satisfaction from 2006 to 2009.

scholarly journals Environment, Health, and Human Capital

2013 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Graff Zivin ◽  
Matthew Neidell
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Traditional Health ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Residential Sorting ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Difference

In this review, we discuss three major contributions economists have made to our understanding of the relationship between the environment and individual well-being. First, in explicitly recognizing how optimizing behavior, particularly in the form of residential sorting, can lead to nonrandom assignment of pollution, economists have employed a wide range of quasi-experimental techniques to develop causal estimates of the effect of pollution. Second, economic research has placed a considerable focus on the role of avoidance behavior, which is an important component for understanding the difference between biological and behavioral effects of pollution and for proper welfare calculations. Lastly, economic research has expanded the focus of analysis beyond traditional health outcomes to include measures of human capital, including labor supply, productivity, and cognition. Our review of the quasi-experimental evidence on this topic suggests that pollution does indeed have a wide range of effects on individual well-being, even at levels well below current regulatory standards. Given the importance of health and human capital as an engine for economic growth, these findings underscore the role of environmental conditions as an important factor of production. (JEL I12, I31, J24, Q51, Q53)

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