scholarly journals Correct response negativity may reflect subjective value of reaction time under regulatory fit in a speed‐rewarded task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin T. Files ◽  
Kimberly A. Pollard ◽  
Ashley H. Oiknine ◽  
Peter Khooshabeh ◽  
Antony D. Passaro
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Regulatory Fit ◽  
Subjective Value

Some Types of Error in a Choice Response Task

1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. G. Green ◽  
M. E. Sime ◽  
D. J. Guest
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Single Finger ◽  
The Times ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Types Of Error

Errors from a serial response task involving single-finger responses to alphabetic stimuli are analysed and discussed in relation to findings which have been reported from tasks with more compatible stimulus-response relationships. Errors are divided into three distinguishable subsets and in each case found to have longer latencies than correct responses. Those which result from mirroring the required response about the centre of the hand are found to resist elimination during practice and their frequency seems to depend on the type of code used. In all cases error correction times are faster than the times to make a correct response but mirror errors and errors involving a finger adjacent to the correct response are corrected faster than other errors. The findings are discussed in relation to the theory of choice reaction time and error correction.

scholarly journals Saccade vigor partly reflects the subjective economic value of the visual stimulus

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tehrim Yoon ◽  
Afareen Jaleel ◽  
Alaa A. Ahmed ◽  
Reza Shadmehr
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Single Stimulus ◽  
Peripheral Location ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Abstract Stimuli ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Mathematical Construct ◽  
Subject Differences

AbstractDecisions are made based on the subjective value that the brain assigns to options. However, subjective value is a mathematical construct that cannot be measured directly, but rather inferred from choices. Recent results have demonstrated that reaction time and velocity of movements are modulated by reward, raising the possibility that there is a link between how the brain evaluates an option, and how it controls movements toward that option. Here, we asked people to choose among risky options represented by abstract stimuli, some associated with gain, others with loss. From their choices in decision trials we estimated the subjective value that they assigned to each stimulus. In probe trials, they were presented with a single stimulus at center and made a saccade to a peripheral location. We found that the reaction time and peak velocity of that saccade varied roughly linearly from loss to gain with the subjective value of the stimulus. Naturally, participants differed in how much they valued a given stimulus. Remarkably, those who valued a stimulus more, as evidenced by their choices in decision trials, tended to move with greater vigor in response to that stimulus in probe trials. Thus, saccade vigor partly reflected the subjective value that the brain assigned the stimulus. However, the influence of subjective value on vigor was only a modest predictor of preference: vigor in probe trials allowed us to predict choice in decision trials with roughly 60% accuracy.New and NoteworthyWe found that saccade vigor tends to vary monotonically with subjective value: smallest for stimuli that predict a loss, and highest for stimuli that predict a gain. Notably, between-subject differences in valuation could be gleaned from the between-subject differences in their patterns of vigor. However, the influence of subjective value on vigor was modest, allowing partial ability to infer subjective value for the purpose of predicting choice in decision trials.

Error Patterns in a Chord Keyboard Response Task

1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Guest ◽  
M. E. Sime ◽  
T. R. G. Green
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Reaction Time Experiment ◽  
Error Response ◽  
Keyboard Response ◽  
Random Fashion ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Response Task

Errors in a serial choice-reaction time experiment employing two-finger chord responses to alphabetic stimuli are shown to be distributed in a significantly non-random fashion. Two factors are postulated which are relevant to prediction of the error response. These are the presence or absence of a common finger, and the difference in finger separation, between the actual and the required response. It is suggested that the chord response is coded in terms of a pattern (the distance between the two response components). Responses which mirror the correct response about the centre of the hand are also shown to be significantly more frequent.

scholarly journals Do not (Just) Think, But (Also) Feel!: Empirical Corroboration of Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis on Foreign Language Lexical Retention

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110321
Author(s):  
Yu Kanazawa
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Correct Recall ◽  
Test Session ◽  
Correct Recognition ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Japanese Learners Of English ◽  
Processing Modes

Emotion plays important roles in learning, memory, and other cognitive processes; it does so not only in the form of macro-level emotion (e.g., salient affective states and self-reportable motivational currents) but also in the form of micro-level emotion (e.g., subtle feelings and linguistic attributes that are usually processed subconsciously without special attention). According to the Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis (EIPH), processing that draws attention to emotional aspects (EmInvProc+) is postulated as a deeper version of semantic processing which has cognitive advantage to facilitate linguistic processing and retention more than non-emotional semantic processing (EmInvProc−). This study empirically investigated whether the EIPH can be experimentally corroborated for learners of a distant foreign language (viz., Japanese learners of English). In the experiment, participants processed visually presented English words that were either positively or negatively valenced under different conditions, followed by the test session in which they engaged in memory tests. Two processing modes were compared (EmInvProc+ vs. EmInvProc−). The dependent variables were correct recall frequency, correct recognition frequency, and correct recognition reaction time. It was revealed that EmInvProc+ was more cognitively facilitatory in making stronger foreign language lexical memory traces than EmInvProc− for all the measures employed in the experiment, regarding both accuracy (correct response frequency) and fluency (correct response reaction time). Therefore, it is implied that EmInvProc+ can be regarded as a sui generis deeper level of processing that is qualitatively distinguishable from mere semantic processing, supporting the Emotion-Involved Processing Hypothesis.

Applying an exemplar model to the serial reaction-time task: Anticipating from experience

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
pp. 1757-1783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall K. Jamieson ◽  
D. J. K. Mewhort
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Implicit Learning ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Serial Reaction Time Task ◽  
Exemplar Model ◽  
Serial Reaction Time ◽  
Serial Reaction ◽  
Retrieval From Memory ◽  
Trial Participants

We present a serial reaction time (SRT) task in which participants identified the location of a target by pressing a key mapped to the location. The location of successive targets was determined by the rules of a grammar, and we varied the redundancy of the grammar. Increasing both practice and the redundancy of the grammar reduced response time, but the participants were unable to describe the grammar. Such results are usually discussed as examples of implicit learning. Instead, we treat performance in terms of retrieval from a multitrace memory. In our account, after each trial, participants store a trace comprising the current stimulus, the response associated with it, and the context provided by the immediately preceding response. When a target is presented, it is used as a prompt to retrieve the response mapped to it. As participants practise the task, the redundancy of the series helps point to the correct response and, thereby, speeds retrieval of the response. The model captured performance in the experiment and in classic SRT studies from the literature. Its success shows that the SRT task can be understood in terms of retrieval from memory without implying implicit learning.

scholarly journals Differential effect of value and salience on saccadic reaction times

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shams-Ahmar ◽  
Peter Thier
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Saccade Target ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Express Saccades ◽  
Visual Objects ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Reward Expectancy ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTExpress saccades, a mode of visually guided saccades, distinguished from regular saccades by extremely short reaction times, are triggered by inserting a temporal gap between the fixation dot and the saccade target. It is usually assumed that they are produced by a specific pathway in which the superior colliculus plays a key role. Whether and how this pathway deals with information on the subjective value of a saccade target is unknown. We, therefore, studied the influence of varying reward expectancies and compared it with the impact of the presence and absence of a temporal gap between the disappearance of the fixation dot and the appearance of the target on the visually guided saccades of two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We observed that the introduction of a gap shifted the entire saccadic reaction time distribution to shorter latencies while increasing the probability of express saccades. On the other hand, promoting the monkey’s reward expectancy shortened reaction times and increased peak velocities of regular saccades, and increased the probability of express saccades. Importantly, we observed that the reaction time and peak velocity of express saccades were not sensitive to the value of the saccade target, suggesting that the express pathway does not have access to information on value. We propose a new model on express saccades that treats the salience of visual objects in the scene differently from the subjective value assigned to them.

The Effects of Emphasis on Passage Comprehension

1989 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Bean ◽  
John W. Folkins ◽  
William E. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Correct Response ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Response Alternatives ◽  
Previous Demonstration

It may be inferred from reaction time studies that the location of emphasis on nouns and noun phrases facilitates their comprehension (understanding and memory). However, we know of no previous demonstration of improved passage comprehension in normal listeners associated with emphasis placement. The present experiment examined effects of emphasis on comprehension of 12 passages that were read aloud and tape recorded. Emphasis placement was varied by splicing sentences containing emphasized or nonemphasized noun phrases into passages without altering the wording of the passages. These passages, contrasting in emphasis, were presented to 60 listeners. Comprehension was measured with multiple-choice, recognition questions that required subjects to link ideas across sentences. Comprehension was accurate significantly more often when correct response alternatives had been emphasized (71%), than when incorrect alternatives had been emphasized (56%), or no emphasis occurred in passages (57%). Findings reflect enhanced comprehension of emphasized items in terms of their meaning links to other concepts presented in passages. Results support the pragmatic assumption that the role of emphasis is to delineate constituents important in discourse meaning.

Writing in Aphasia Rehabilitation: Cursive vs Manuscript

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Boone ◽  
Harold M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Read Number

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.

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