scholarly journals Perception : A Determinant of Scientists’ Participation in Agricultural Biotechnology Research and Development

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Ayo Adisa ◽  
Adegbenga E Adekoya ◽  
Udom E Inyeneh ◽  
Isaac Auta Toro ◽  
Edore Thomas Akpokodje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Agricultural Biotechnology ◽  
Biotechnology Research

Biotechnology and the Utilitarian Argument for Patents

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Svatos
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Agricultural Biotechnology ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
R And D ◽  
Biotechnology Research ◽  
Biotechnology Companies ◽  
Genetically Engineered Plants ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Support Research

Biotechnology surpasses even computer technology in predictions of its potential for revolutionary effects on humankind. It includes agribusiness (genetically engineered plants, animals, hormones, etc.) and phar-maceuticals (diagnostics, genetic therapies, etc.). The U.S. government began investing heavily in biotechnology research in the 1980s, and by 1987 had spent approximately $2.7 billion to support research and development (R and D), including $150 million for agricultural biotechnology. The approximately sixty U.S. biotechnology companies invested $3.2 billion in R and D in 1991 alone, with a total of more than $10 billion spent since the industry began in the late 1970s.

Realizing the Potential of Agricultural Biotechnology in Europe

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario C. Demicheli
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Agricultural Biotechnology ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Biotechnology Research ◽  
General Business ◽  
Business Competitiveness

Set for success in the market, biotechnology could fulfil several objectives of the European Union, notably those relating to health, agriculture, the environment, technological development and general business competitiveness. However, several factors hinderthis knowledge-based technology from realizing its potential in Europe, as is measured by the usual indicators of competitiveness. The reasons are examined through a bottom-up approach, starting from the management of biotechnology research and moving towards business strategy and the role of consumers and regulators. Agricultural biotechnology in Europe is characterized by excellence in research but unattractiveness to investors.

Biotech Research-Tool Patents in Macedonia: Current Legal and Economic Parameters

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-139
Author(s):  
Mirjana Stankovic ◽  
Bratislav Stankovic
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
Biotechnology Research ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Biotechnology Sector ◽  
Research Tools

One of the vigorously debated topics related to the protection of biotechnology inventions has been the issue of patents on biotechnology research tools, which usually are used in very early stages of biotechnology research. Proponents of patenting argue that the patent system acts as an incentive for biotech/pharma companies to invest in research and development which is aimed at developing biotech research tools. Opponents of patenting maintain that such patents might impede future research by creating “patent-thickets” and preventing researchers from performing experiments which rely on the patented tools without authorization and royalty payments.The Republic of Macedonia is a small, developing country that lacks specifically crafted legislation or even an articulated public policy promoting the growth of the biotechnology sector. Macedonian patent law contains rather broad exemption to patent rights, termed in “free use for personal and non commercial purposes” and “free use for research and development” of a patented invention. These provisions use obfuscating language and might generate confusion and divergent judicial practices. Also problematic are the law’s provisions which pertain to biotechnology patents and, especially, exemptions to biotechnology patents; these appear to misinterpret the mirroring provisions of the European Union Biotechnology Directive.This article argues in favor of amending the Macedonian industrial property law with a list of both specific exemptions and safeguards, which should provide clarity in future judicial practice pertaining to experimental-use exemptions of biotech research-tool patents in this country.

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