Continental Licensing Regime and its Impact

De Jure ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivelina Aleksandrova ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Regulatory Trends

The article reveals the national features and regulatory trends in the licensing of pharmacies abroad. The general trends of state regulation of the pharmaceutical market are summarized. Some specific advanced methods and tools of pharmaceutical state regulation are being considered in developing countries.

Automotive Industry in BRIC Countries

2014 ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
S. Afanas'ev ◽  
V. Kondrat’ev
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Bric Countries ◽  
Final Assembly ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
The Future ◽  
Assembly Operations

For the next decade, the future of the automotive industry lies in BRIC’ countries. Together, Brazil, Russia, India, and China will account for some 30 percent of world auto sales in 2014 while also offering significant opportunities for cost-effective R&D, sourcing, and manufacturing. The authors analyze the degree of localization of leading TNC and supplies in each BRIC country, for each function, compare localization across BRIC countries, assess the future development of these markets, compare local capabilities and resources, and identify particularly promising combinations of functions and countries. Key trends in developing countries include continuing liberalization and globalization, increased foreign investment and ownership, and the increasing importance of follow-source and follow-design forces. The article concerns the trends and factors of national automotive industry formation in BRIC countries. Special emphasis is made on localization of R&D activities, final assembly operations and components production by global automotive companies in BRIC countries. It systemizes the factors of investment opportunities of different developing markets. It is concluded that active state regulation is playing the principle role in localization and catching-up process in automotive industry in developing countries. The comparison of the automotive industry in BRIC countries allows shedding light on the economic processes of emergence at large. There is a stark contrast in the capacities of development of the sector in these countries. This contrast serves as an analyzer between the modes of sector opening and the paths of technological catching-up that is the core of the phenomenon of emergence. The analysis and best practices presented in the topic, while focusing on the BRIC countries, are applicable also to other rapidly developing economies.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATIONAL TRENDS AND INNOVATIVE FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHOLESALE AND RETAIL SECTORS OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-35
Author(s):  
E. A. Bykova
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
The Impact

The article discusses important features of trends in the transformation of the wholesale and retail level of the Russian medicinal market in the context of innovative factors in the development of the pharmaceutical industry in Russia. The paper gives a general assessment of the impact of state regulation of the maximum selling prices for medicines from the list of vital and essential medicines on the profitability of the market. The author presents a simplified institutional scheme of interaction between distributors and other market participants. The study discusses important aspects and tactical steps of the distribution and pharmacy level of the Russian pharmaceutical market. The article gives the ratings of the leading distribution pharmaceutical companies in Russia and analyses the peculiarities of their structural changes under the influence of innovative development factors. The paper gives ratings of leading pharmacy chains and analyses the features of new structural formations – associations. The author proposes the term of “polarization” for wholesale and retail companies.

scholarly journals THE TRAGEDY CAUSED BY FAKE ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e2012027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Ambroise-Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Artemisinin Resistance ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Artemisinin Derivatives ◽  
International Programme

Counterfeit antimalarials (mainly artemisinin derivatives) is a crucial health problem in developing countries, particularly in Africa. The illegal production, sale and distribution of fake drugs is a huge market evaluated to several billion of dollars and represents more than 50% of the pharmaceutical market in several African countries. Fake drugs have led to a very great number of deaths from untreated malaria or fatality provoked by toxic ingredients. These fake medicines increase the risk of artemisinin resistance developed by the use of sub therapeutic dosages of antimalarials. Tackling this criminal traffic is the objective of an international  programme created by WHO  and involves the international police and custom organizations like INTERPOL. Several very important and encouraging results have been obtained, but the problem will be completely solved if genuine antimalarials, free-of-charge, are handed-over to populations in sub Sahara African countries.  

scholarly journals Trend analysis of the pharmaceutical market in Iran; 1997–2010; policy implications for developing countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Kebriaeezadeh ◽  
Nasser Nassiri Koopaei ◽  
Akbar Abdollahiasl ◽  
Shekoufeh Nikfar ◽  
Nafiseh Mohamadi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Policy Implications

scholarly journals Features of state regulation of exports in developing countries and their modernization

2021 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 05038
Author(s):  
Antonina Sharkova ◽  
Irina Sycheva
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Transition Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimal Model ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Economies In Transition ◽  
First Time ◽  
Russian Model

The article describes the features of state influence in the export of coffee from Africa, affecting the international trade in raw materials. The example of coffee market is analyzed in the article. The world experience of regulating the flow of goods from a country with a transition economy is analyzed and its adaptation to developing countries is evaluated. The problem of this industry is expressed in the fact that after centuries, African countries have not been able to develop an optimal model for regulating coffee exports in the context of the formation of raw material prices on international exchanges. The purpose of the study is to assess the possibility of adapting on the African continent the Russian model of state support for exports, which is a system of a number of institutions focused on the implementation of subsidy programs through administrative and tax measures. The scientific novelty is that, for the first time, two models of state regulation of developing countries and countries with economies in transition are correlated in order to modernize the African export support system.

scholarly journals HEALTH CARE AS A SYSTEM-CREATING ELEMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL: STRATEGIES OF ITS DEVELOPMENT BY THE CASE OF UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-181
Author(s):  
Yurii Safonov ◽  
Viktoriia Borshch ◽  
Oleksandr Rogachevskyi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
System Development ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
Human Capital Index

The main purpose of the paper is to analyze the process of the health care development as the system-creating factor of human capital. Methodology. This study combines economic and managerial analysis of healthcare and human capital. The background for this analysis is the data of the 2020 Human Capital Index in Ukraine and other developed and developing countries. The method of historical and logical analysis of the literature was used. The functional and structural analysis was used with purpose to research the main tools of human capital’s development. Methods of comparative and statistical analysis and their synthesis were used to study dynamics of human capital. Method of summarization was used to make conclusions and recommendations for improving human capital in developing countries. Works of scientists in the sphere of human capital were used as the informational basis for the conducted study. Findings. In the paper it was analyzed the Human Capital Index in Ukraine and its components from the period of 2010-2020. The problems of the development of Ukrainian healthcare sector as the system-creating element of human capital are viewed. Formation of a new model for organizing medical care based on the development of the four P’s model of medicine (predicting, prevention, personalization, participation) is considered as the main basis for developing effective healthcare sector in Ukraine. The authors of the article see the following key areas of necessary actions in Ukrainian healthcare sector: technological breakthrough, strengthening a healthy lifestyle, ensuring the availability of high-quality medical services, developing human resources, creating a system of effective drug provision, increasing the efficiency of financing. Practical implications. The results of this study form the methodological and practical basis for improvement of the state regulation system of Ukrainian healthcare as a system-creating element of human capital. The results of conducted research could be a framework for formation of effective healthcare system in Ukraine, ensuring its constant development. The main proposals could be used by the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine while working out the Concept of national healthcare system development, they should be taken into consideration by state and municipal Health Departments for implement them during the process of Ukrainian healthcare sphere’s reformation.

Private Regulation Amid Public Disarray: An Analysis of Two Private Environmental Regulatory Programs in Argentina

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Espach
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Program Implementation ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Unstable State ◽  
International Governance ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Forest Stewardship Council ◽  
Private Regulation ◽  
Regime Effectiveness

In recent years programs of private regulation have spread from North America and Europe to developing countries around the world. Though central to debates over public versus private international governance, little is known about the actual operations of these programs, especially in developing countries where weak state regulation has failed for decades to control environmental degradation. This paper assesses the effectiveness in Argentina of two prominent global private environmental regulatory programs'the chemical industry's Responsible Care® program and the Forest Stewardship Council. Argentina presents an intriguing country case because, despite conditions and policies that should support such programs, their implementation there has been stunted when compared against other regional cases. A focus on the demand and supply factors that shape these programs in Argentina reveals that market demand is a necessary but insufficient condition for regime effectiveness. Supply-side factors such as industry characteristics, public policies, and the institutional culture of firms significantly influence program implementation. Some transnational corporations helped export these program to Argentina; however, many others have shown opposition or disinterest, stifling program development. Also, feckless and unstable state agencies have created an institutional environment unfavorable even for private initiatives aimed at bypassing government interference.

TO THE QUESTION OF PRICING ON MEDICINES

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
SNEZHANA SINYUSHKINA ◽  
LEV GARIN
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Economic Aspect ◽  
The People ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

One of the most important problems in the development of the pharmaceutical market is the problem of medicines’ pricing, which, in addition to the economic aspect associated with fluctuations in the supply and demand curve, is associated with the level of accessibility of medical care to the people. In the unfavorable epidemiological situation, there is a serious problem of unjustified increase of the prices on antiviral drugs. Objective: to study the system of state regulation of pricing for medicines.

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