scholarly journals Phonological and Morphological Functions of Palatalisation in Irish and Polish

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 99-134
Author(s):  
Eugeniusz Cyran ◽  
◽  
Bogdan Szymanek ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Front Vowel ◽  
Verbal Nouns ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Status ◽  
Historical Origin ◽  
Nominal Inflection ◽  
Phonemic Status

The paper attempts to compare the status of palatalization of consonants in Modern Irish and Polish within the phonological and morphological systems of the two languages. Irish and Polish have been selected from the Celtic and Slavic groups due to the fact that both have palatalized consonants. One function, which is connected with the palatalized / non-palatalized distinction is expressing lexical contrast, e.g. Irish cúis [ku:ʃ] ‘reason’ vs. ciumhais [kʲu:ʃ] ‘edge’ and Polish beli [beli] ‘roll, Gen.sg.’ vs. bieli [bʲeli] ‘whiteness, Gen.sg.’. Phonologically speaking, the term ‘palatalization’ is rather broad and ambiguous, as it subsumes two quite disparate linguistic situations. Namely, it may be understood as a dynamic phonetic or phonological process of fronting or softening a consonant in the context of the following front vowel [i/e] or glide [j]. In this sense, palatalization is allophonic, that is, a context dependent assimilatory process, as may be the case with Irish bith [bʲi] ‘existence’, or Polish bił [bʲiw] ‘he beat’. On the other hand, both Irish and Polish seem to show that palatalization of consonants may also be independent of the context, in which case we are not dealing with a process, but with a genuine lexical property of given consonants, that is, a phonemic distinction. This point can be illustrated by such forms as Irish beo [bʲo:] ‘alive’ and Polish biodro [bʲodro] ‘hip’. Here the palatalized consonant is followed by a back vowel and could not have been derived by assimilation. Another argument for the phonemic status of palatalization in the two languages comes from the forms in which the presence of a front vowel does not guarantee that a consonant will be palatalized, e.g. Irish tuí [ti:] ‘straw’ (cf. tí [tʲi:] ‘house, Gen.sg.’) and Polish beli [beli] ‘roll, Gen.sg.’. It may appear that the phonological similarities between Irish and Polish palatalization are considerable. However, the appealing picture becomes more complicated when the two systems are looked at in detail. Once present in the phonological representation of words, the property of palatalization in Irish behaves quite disparately from what is observed in Polish. In Irish, palatalization behaves as an independent property (autosegment) and has a tendency to spread leftwards, affecting the preceding short vowels, e.g. sop / soip [sop / sipʲ] ‘wisp / Gen.sg’, consonants and vowels, e.g. olc / oilc [olk / ilʲkʲ] ‘evil / Gen.sg.’, or even entire syllables, e.g. dorn / doirn [dorən / dirʲinʲ] ‘fist / Gen.sg.’. Thus, palatalization as an assimilatory process is not entirely inactive. On the other hand, in Polish, there is some vestigial consonant-vowel interaction, practically limited to velar consonants, as well as some cluster assimilation. The paper aims to define the conditions on the phonological scope of palatalization in Irish and Polish from the point of view of the historical origin of the phenomenon, distributional restrictions, and participation in processes. Both languages successfully utilize the palatalized / non-palatalized distinction also in the respective morphological systems. This general similarity has a historical origin in the loss of final syllables. The paper surveys various lexical derivations and inflectional paradigms involving palatalization in Irish and Polish. From the formal point of view, there seem to be two main ways in which the palatalized / non-palatalized distinction is utilized morphologically, each of which has two subcategories: 1. Palatalization a. as a sole formative: C > Cʲ, e.g. Irish bád / báid [bɑ:d / bɑ:dʲ] ‘boat, Nom.sg. / Nom.pl.’, and Polish ryb-a / rybi-a [rɨba / rybʲa] ‘fish, Nom.sg. / adj.Nom.sg.fem.’. b. as a co-formative: C > Cʲ+vowel, e.g. Irish deas / deise [dʲas / dʲeʃə] ‘nice / Gen.sg.’, and Polish student / studenc-i [student / studeɲtɕi] ‘student, Nom.sg. / Nom.pl.’. 2. De-palatalization a. as a sole formative: Cʲ > C, e.g. Irish athair / athar [ahir / ahər] ‘father, Nom.sg. / Gen.sg.’. b. as a co-formative: e.g. Polish liść / list-ek [liɕtɕ / listek] ‘leaf / dim.’ From the functional viewpoint, these effects are seen, in Polish, in some paradigms of nominal inflection, the derivation of abstract nouns from adjectives and of possessive denominal adjectives, as well as in large areas of expressive word-formation, etc. In Irish, the morphological impact of palatalization is best observed in the nominal inflection, but it also present in verbal inflection and some derivations, e.g. Verbal Nouns. Further cross-linguistic comparison and typological research is called for in order to fully appreciate the status of palatalization as a link between phonology and morphology. This paper attempts to lay the foundations for such research.

scholarly journals Устойчивые сравнения в языке спортивного дискурса: русско-украинские параллели

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-169
Author(s):  
А. В. САВЧЕНКО
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
National Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sports Journalism ◽  
Sports Communication ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Status ◽  
Modern Russian

Nowadays, sports play an important role in the world, both from the pure competitive (even emulative) and political point of view. The influence of sports is also traced here at the linguistic level: many words and expressions from the field of sports penetrate the language but, on the other hand, the sphere of sports itself becomes a fertile ground for the emergence of new expressive words and idioms having different stylistic and expressive colours that can perform various pragmatic functions. In the language of sports, lexical units often acquire a new meaning related to sports; in some cases, the meanings of already existing metaphorical phraseological models are actualized. The paper is devoted to the problem of the status and description of one of the types of phraseological units, i.e. stable comparisons, which are used in the sphere of sports or sports discourse in modern Russian and Ukrainian languages. On the one hand, these units have their origins in sports slang as well as in mass media language and also come from common phraseology and other discourses. On the other hand, such units have not only a high expressive level but they are often used as picturesque and metaphorical means in other discourses, e.g. political, social, or economic. Such expressions are nowadays very popular and commonly used both in spoken language (speech) and in mass media language. Stable comparisons are, in fact, a universally figurative and expressive means of language which can be used in any situation, context, and in any pragmatic field of language use. The sphere of sports is not an exception, where such language units fulfil various functions both in the language of sports journalism (oral reportages, articles on sports, internet communication and discussions in internet forums specializing in sports) and in the speech of the athletes themselves. This paper discusses some of the most commonly used stable comparisons in the sphere of sports (i.e. sports discourse) both in Russian and Ukrainian languages. The metaphorical models of such units are examined from the point of view of Russian-Ukrainian language convergence. It can be stated that the language of modern Russian sports journalism can be seen today to a certain extent as a possible (or potential) prototype for the development of Ukrainian-language sports discourse. Generally speaking, live contacts in interdiscourse sports communication, including the language of sports journalism, however, are still ongoing and active language interaction at the level of vocabulary and phraseology remains one of the most effective means of enriching the vocabulary of the national language.

Neoclassical Compounds between Borrowing and Word Formation

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-48
Author(s):  
Renáta Panocová ◽  
Pius ten Hacken
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
New Words ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Status ◽  
Separate System ◽  
The Individual

In assessing the status of neoclassical compounding, we take into account the generative insight that language is ultimately based in the individual speaker’s competence and the European structuralist insight that new words are a response to naming needs. Two central questions that arise for neoclassical compounding are whether it constitutes a separate system and whether it is productive. We argue that what can be perceived as degrees of productivity and fluctuations in status can in fact be analysed as a consequence of differences between speakers in the same speech community. Speakers that are familiar with a domain in which neoclassical compounding is frequent, e.g. medicine, will be more likely to process new instances as rule-based formations. Considering the origins of neoclassical compounding, we note that borrowing has two different roles. On one hand, it is the reanalysis of borrowings from classical languages that leads to the emergence of a system. On the other hand, new neoclassical formations are borrowed between different languages. Comparing English and Russian, we argue that only for English is there evidence of a substantial set of speakers who have such as system. In Russian, neoclassical compounds are generally borrowings.

Can the Academic Self-Concept be Positive and Realistic?

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reimer Kornmann
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Other Hand

Summary: My comment is basically restricted to the situation in which less-able students find themselves and refers only to literature in German. From this point of view I am basically able to confirm Marsh's results. It must, however, be said that with less-able pupils the opposite effect can be found: Levels of self-esteem in these pupils are raised, at least temporarily, by separate instruction, academic performance however drops; combined instruction, on the other hand, leads to improved academic performance, while levels of self-esteem drop. Apparently, the positive self-image of less-able pupils who receive separate instruction does not bring about the potential enhancement of academic performance one might expect from high-ability pupils receiving separate instruction. To resolve the dilemma, it is proposed that individual progress in learning be accentuated, and that comparisons with others be dispensed with. This fosters a self-image that can in equal measure be realistic and optimistic.

A Nabatean port on the Red Sea: note on the pottery finds from al-Qusayr (al-Wajh, Saudi Arabia)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Durand
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Roman Egypt ◽  
Pottery Sherds ◽  
First Time

Al-Qusayr is located 40 km south of modern al-Wajh, roughly 7 km from the eastern Red Sea shore. This site is known since the mid-19th century, when the explorer R. Burton described it for the first time, in particular the remains of a monumental building so-called al-Qasr. In March 2016, a new survey of the site was undertaken by the al-‘Ula–al-Wajh Survey Project. This survey focused not only on al-Qasr but also on the surrounding site corresponding to the ancient settlement. A surface collection of pottery sherds revealed a striking combination of Mediterranean and Egyptian imports on one hand, and of Nabataean productions on the other hand. This material is particularly homogeneous on the chronological point of view, suggesting a rather limited occupation period for the site. Attesting contacts between Mediterranean merchants, Roman Egypt and the Nabataean kingdom, these new data allow a complete reassessment of the importance of this locality in the Red Sea trade routes during antiquity.

Practical Necessity and Moral Heroism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Fruh
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Moral Exemplars ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Practical Necessity ◽  
The Status ◽  
Illuminating Light

Discussions of closely associated notions of practical necessity, volitional necessity, and moral incapacity have profited from a focus on cases of agential crisis to further our understanding of how features of an agent’s character might bind her. This paper turns to agents in crises in order to connect this way of being bound to the phenomenon of moral heroism. The connection is fruitful in both directions. Importing practical necessity into examinations of moral heroism can explain the special sense of bindingness moral heroes frequently express while preserving the status of heroic acts as supererogatory. It also helps explain how heroes persevere and act as so few others do. On the other hand, the context of moral heroism allows a fuller development of some features of the concept of practical necessity, shedding more illuminating light on the roots of practical necessity in character through recent findings in the psychology of moral exemplars.

scholarly journals The Difficult alliance. Military cooperation between the ruthenian king Daniel and the Piasts of Mazovia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-112
Author(s):  
Michał Skoczyński
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Strategy ◽  
Military Cooperation ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Historical Methodology ◽  
The Military

Abstract The article presents the military cooperation between the King of Galician-Volhynian Ruthenia, Daniel Romanowicz, and the Dukes of Mazovia, Konrad and his son Siemowit. The alliance, based as a counterweight for the cooperation between the King of Hungary and the Piast princes of Lesser Poland, who were trying to conquer Ruthenia and dominate all Piast principalities in then fragmented Poland. It lasted for several decades from the 1220’s to the 1260’s and was primarly aimed at mutual protection against the invasions of the pagan Yotvingians and supporting each other in armed conflicts. The text contains an analysis of war expeditions, tactics and ways of support that were given by both sides of the allianace. It is a new point of view on this aspect of political strategy of both sides that in some ways defined the regional situation. Ruthenians granted masovian Piasts some mobile and political uncommited support in fight with their relatives in Poland, and also secured their border with the Yotvingians. On the other hand, masovian knights were an additional strike force in ruthenian plundering expeditions to Yotvingia. The research was based on the analysis of preserved historical sources and scientific literature using historical methodology.

scholarly journals Health and Illness as Enacted Phenomena

Topoi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Svenaeus
Keyword(s):  
Good Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lived Body ◽  
Existential Feelings ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Chronic Anxiety ◽  
Phenomenological View ◽  
Life Projects

AbstractIn this paper I explore health and illness through the lens of enactivism, which is understood and developed as a bodily-based worldly-engaged phenomenology. Various health theories – biomedical, ability-based, biopsychosocial – are introduced and scrutinized from the point of view of enactivism and phenomenology. Health is ultimately argued to consist in a central world-disclosing aspect of what is called existential feelings, experienced by way of transparency and ease in carrying out important life projects. Health, in such a phenomenologically enacted understanding, is an important and in many cases necessary part of leading a good life. Illness, on the other hand, by such a phenomenological view, consist in finding oneself at mercy of unhomelike existential feelings, such as bodily pains, nausea, extreme unmotivated tiredness, depression, chronic anxiety and delusion, which make it harder and, in some cases, impossible to flourish. In illness suffering the lived body hurts, resists, or, in other ways, alienates the activities of the ill person.

Negation and Disjunction in Anatolian—and elsewhere

1975 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 157-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Morpurgo Davies
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

1. In the article which precedes Mr. Hawkins has proposed the readings NEG2 and NEG3 for the signs of Hieroglyphic Luwian and has argued that these logograms had the phonetic values na and ni respectively. These readings are supported by internal evidence and do not require any further justification, but it is necessary to see how plausible their consequences are from the linguistic point of view.1.1. The discovery of two negative particles, a prohibitive ni and a factual na, is welcome. Hieroglyphic now joins Cun. Luwian (prohibitive nis, factual nawa), Lycian (prohibitive ni, nipe, factual ne, nepe) and Hittite (prohibitive lē, factual natta). It is not as yet absolutely certain that Palaic does not make any distinction between prohibitive and factual negatives: the particles ni and nit are relatively frequent, but it is not altogether clear whether they occur or not in prohibitions. On the other hand it is normally assumed that Lydian has generalized one negative (nid “not”, nik “and not”) for both types of sentence.

The Christian Church in the Last Seventy Years

1943 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Kenneth Scott Latourette
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Status ◽  
The One ◽  
The Church

A strange contrast exists in the status of the Christian Church in the past seventy years. On the one hand the Church has clearly lost some of the ground which once appeared to be safely within its possession. On the other hand it has become more widely spread geographically and, when all mankind is taken into consideration, more influential in shaping human affairs than ever before in its history. In a paper as brief as this must of necessity be, space can be had only for the sketching of the broad outlines of this paradox and for suggesting a reason for it. If details were to be given, a large volume would be required. Perhaps, however, we can hope to do enough to point out one of the most provocative and important set of movements in recent history.

Les "Noms de Qualite", Syntaxe ou Semantique?

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-179
Author(s):  
Francis Gandon
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Main Statement ◽  
Quality Distinction ◽  
The Relationship

The first part of this paper presents the position of the discussion: must a node Quality be assumed to describe "non classifying" nouns? N. Ruwet objects to this theoretical attitude as developped by J.-C. Milner. First is considered the DISQUAL (qualitative dislocation) transformation as unable to describe all the positions of the Quality nouns: the extra-posed dislocation is often impossible and, according to the position within the sentence, the relationship between thema and rhema will be modified. The criterium of dependence between the Quality noun and the main statement is not strict, on the other hand. No definite boundary between syntax and semantics can be drawn within the field considered. Another point develops the "syntactic pun" (Milner). The Qualitative question is eventually referred to Opacity and replaced inside an enonciative frame as a particular kind of "shifting out." Though the Class/Quality distinction operates as continuous (Ruwet), it cannot be separated of a general paradigm elsewhere developped (psychoanalysis, ethnology, semantics, etc.). Though not entirely descriptively adequate Milner's point of view is justified.

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