scholarly journals The importance of gastrointestinal presentation for understanding respiratory virus infection in patients with acute respiratory illness: a cross-sectional study in Guangzhou

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Wen-Kuan Liu ◽  
Qian Liu ◽  
De-Hui Chen ◽  
Wei-Ping Tan ◽  
Shu-Yan Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections

Background: Respiratory virus infections often cause a wide spectrum of symptoms including gastrointestinal presentations (GP). The epidemiology of respiratory viruses in patients with GP needs to be better described.Methods: Throat swabs were collected and tested for 15 respiratory viruses from pediatric patients (≤14 years old) with acute respiratory illness in Guangzhou over a 3-year period. The features of respiratory virus infections were analyzed among those with GP.Results: Of 4,242 patients enrolled, 1,223 (28.8%) had GP. Among those, 647 (52.9%) were positive with one or more of the 15 tested respiratory viruses. The most frequently detected viruses were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (21.1%, 258), enterovirus (EV) (10.1%, 124), influenza A virus (infA) (7.8%, 95), adenovirus (ADV) (5%, 61), human metapneumovirus (HMPV) (4.1%, 50), and human bocavirus (HBoV) (3.5%, 43). More RSV (p = .001) and EV (P<0.001) infections were found in patients with GP than in patients without GP. 734 (60.0%) patients with GP presented with “Poor appetite”, 480 (39.2%) with “Vomiting”, 301 (24.6%) with “Diarrhea” and 73 (6.0%) with “Stomachache”. Significant differences in the virus positivity rate were found for RSV (p < .001), EV (p = .002) and PIV3 (p = .037). 90.6% (1,108/1,223) of patients with GP were under 5 years old. Among different age groups, significant differences in the virus positivity rate were found for infA (p = .005), influenza B virus (infB) (p = .006), RSV (p < .001), parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) (p = .019), ADV (P<0.001), and HBoV (p = .009). RSV was mostly detected in patients under 2 years old (90.3%, 233/258) with frequency declining with age, while frequency of infA and infB increased with age. ADV, HBoV, and PIV3 reached their highest peaks in the age groups of 6-10 years old (11%), 7-12 months (8%) and 4–6 months (5.8%), respectively. In general, sample positivity rates in patients with GP increased when seasons changed. RSV, EV, infA, ADV, HMPV, and HBoV formed the bulk of the positive samples.Conclusions: In this study, the epidemiology of respiratory virus infections in patients with GP was analyzed. This information increases our understanding of respiratory virus infections and may help in clinical diagnosis of these viruses.

scholarly journals Post-pandemic influenza A/H1N1pdm09 is associated with more severe outcomes than A/H3N2 and other respiratory viruses in adult hospitalisations

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Minney-Smith ◽  
L. A. Selvey ◽  
A. Levy ◽  
D. W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Icu Admission ◽  
Hospitalised Patients ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Abstract This study compares the frequency and severity of influenza A/H1N1pdm09 (A/H1), influenza A/H3N2 (A/H3) and other respiratory virus infections in hospitalised patients. Data from 17 332 adult hospitalised patients admitted to Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, with a respiratory illness between 2012 and 2015 were linked with data containing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results for respiratory viruses including A/H1, A/H3, influenza B, human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza. Of these, 1753 (10.1%) had test results. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to compare the viruses for clinical outcomes including ICU admission, ventilation, pneumonia, length of stay and death. Patients with A/H1 were more likely to experience severe outcomes such as ICU admission (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2–5.5, P = 0.016), pneumonia (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.6–5.7, P < 0.001) and lower risk of discharge from hospital (indicating longer lengths of hospitalisation; HR 0.64 95% CI 0.47–0.88, P = 0.005), than patients with A/H3. Patients with a non-influenza respiratory virus were less likely to experience severe clinical outcomes than patients with A/H1, however, had similar likelihood when compared to patients with A/H3. Patients hospitalised with A/H1 had higher odds of severe outcomes than patients with A/H3 or other respiratory viruses. Knowledge of circulating influenza strains is important for healthcare preparedness.

scholarly journals Hospital Associated Respiratory Virus Infection in Children and Adults: It Does Not Just Occur During Cold and Flu Season

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua G Petrie ◽  
Adam S Lauring ◽  
Emily T Martin ◽  
Keith S Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infection ◽  
Testing Practices ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections ◽  
Virus Testing

Abstract Hospital-associated respiratory virus infections (HARVI) are an underappreciated source of morbidity and mortality. We examined HARVI incidence and clinical respiratory virus testing practices in a cohort of hospitalized patients with acute respiratory illness. HARVI were identified in patients of all ages, both during and outside of the influenza season.

scholarly journals COVID-19 mitigation strategies were associated with decreases in other respiratory virus infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinha Pranay ◽  
Katherine Reifler ◽  
Michael Rossi ◽  
Manish Sagar
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Abstract Detection of diverse respiratory viruses in Boston was around 80% lower after practices were instituted to limit COVID-19 spread compared to the same time period during the previous five years. Continuing the strategies that lower COVID-19 dissemination may be useful in decreasing the incidence of other viral respiratory infections.

Breast-feeding and Respiratory Virus Infection

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur L. Frank ◽  
Larry H. Taber ◽  
W. P. Glezen ◽  
Gary L. Kasel ◽  
Christine R. Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections ◽  
Breast Fed

Thirty-nine breast-fed and 42 bottle-fed infants were followed up from birth over a four-year period. Virus infection was documented by culture and serologic testing, and history and physical examination were recorded for all episodes of respiratory illness. There were no statistically significant differences in rates or distributions of infection with individual viruses or with all viruses over the first three or six months or during the second six months of life in the two groups, nor were there statistically significant differences in rates or distributions of disease of the upper and lower respiratory tract or total respiratory disease, except for decreased disease of the lower respiratory tract in bottle-fed infants in the second six months. There were trends to decreased morbidity in breast-fed infants in the first three and six months and more episodes of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in bottle-fed infants in the first six months (P &lt; .05) but similar use of medical care by both groups. High cord blood titers to two viruses were not associated with evidence of breast-feeding protection from infection with those two agents. Breast-fed babies do not have fewer respiratory virus infections or illnesses but may experience less severe illness.

scholarly journals Co-circulation of the two influenza B lineages during 13 consecutive influenza surveillance seasons in Italy, 2004–2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Puzelli ◽  
◽  
Angela Di Martino ◽  
Marzia Facchini ◽  
Concetta Fabiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Ha Gene ◽  
B Virus ◽  
B Lineage ◽  
Trivalent Vaccine

Abstract Background Since 1985, two antigenically distinct lineages of influenza B viruses (Victoria-like and Yamagata-like) have circulated globally. Trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines contain two circulating influenza A strains but a single B strain and thus provide limited immunity against circulating B strains of the lineage not included in the vaccine. In this study, we describe the characteristics of influenza B viruses that caused respiratory illness in the population in Italy over 13 consecutive seasons of virological surveillance, and the match between the predominant influenza B lineage and the vaccine B lineage, in each season. Methods From 2004 to 2017, 26,886 laboratory-confirmed influenza cases were registered in Italy, of which 18.7% were type B. Among them, the lineage of 2465 strains (49%) was retrieved or characterized in this study by a real-time RT-PCR assay and/or sequencing of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Results Co-circulation of both B lineages was observed each season, although in different proportions every year. Overall, viruses of B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages caused 53.3 and 46.7% of influenza B infections, respectively. A higher proportion of infections with both lineages was detected in children, and there was a declining frequency of B/Victoria detections with age. A mismatch between the vaccine and the predominant influenza B lineage occurred in eight out of thirteen influenza seasons under study. Considering the seasons when B accounted for > 20% of all laboratory-confirmed influenza cases, a mismatch was observed in four out of six seasons. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA1 domain confirmed the co-circulation of both lineages and revealed a mixed circulation of distinct evolutionary viral variants, with different levels of match to the vaccine strains. Conclusions This study contributes to the understanding of the circulation of influenza B viruses in Italy. We found a continuous co-circulation of both B lineages in the period 2004–2017, and determined that children were particularly vulnerable to Victoria-lineage influenza B virus infections. An influenza B lineage mismatch with the trivalent vaccine occurred in about two-thirds of cases.

scholarly journals Sex differences in innate anti-viral immune responses to respiratory viruses and in their clinical outcomes in a birth cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eteri Regis ◽  
Sara Fontanella ◽  
Lijing Lin ◽  
Rebecca Howard ◽  
Sadia Haider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections

AbstractThe mechanisms explaining excess morbidity and mortality in respiratory infections among males are poorly understood. Innate immune responses are critical in protection against respiratory virus infections. We hypothesised that innate immune responses to respiratory viruses may be deficient in males. We stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 345 participants at age 16 years in a population-based birth cohort with three live respiratory viruses (rhinoviruses A16 and A1, and respiratory syncytial virus) and two viral mimics (R848 and CpG-A, to mimic responses to SARS-CoV-2) and investigated sex differences in interferon (IFN) responses. IFN-α responses to all viruses and stimuli were 1.34–2.06-fold lower in males than females (P = 0.018 −  < 0.001). IFN-β, IFN-γ and IFN-induced chemokines were also deficient in males across all stimuli/viruses. Healthcare records revealed 12.1% of males and 6.6% of females were hospitalized with respiratory infections in infancy (P = 0.017). In conclusion, impaired innate anti-viral immunity in males likely results in high male morbidity and mortality from respiratory virus infections.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory virus infections in Vietnamese children

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. TRAN ◽  
Q. D. TRINH ◽  
N. T. K. PHAM ◽  
M. P. VU ◽  
M. T. HA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Human Bocavirus ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

SUMMARYInformation about viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs) is essential for prevention, diagnosis and treatment, but it is limited in tropical developing countries. This study described the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ARIs in children hospitalized in Vietnam. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from children with ARIs at Ho Chi Minh City Children's Hospital 2 between April 2010 and May 2011 in order to detect respiratory viruses by polymerase chain reaction. Viruses were found in 64% of 1082 patients, with 12% being co-infections. The leading detected viruses were human rhinovirus (HRV; 30%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 23·8%), and human bocavirus (HBoV; 7·2%). HRV was detected all year round, while RSV epidemics occurred mainly in the rainy season. Influenza A (FluA) was found in both seasons. The other viruses were predominant in the dry season. HRV was identified in children of all age groups. RSV, parainfluenza virus (PIV) 1, PIV3 and HBoV, and FluA were detected predominantly in children aged <6 months, 6–12 months, 12–24 months, and >24 months, respectively. Significant associations were found between PIV1 with croup (P < 0·005) and RSV with bronchiolitis (P < 0·005). HBoV and HRV were associated with hypoxia (P < 0·05) and RSV with retraction (P < 0·05). HRV, RSV, and HBoV were detected most frequently and they may increase the severity of ARIs in children.

scholarly journals Respiratory Virus Infections in Adults with Hematologic Malignancies: A Prospective Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Martino ◽  
Elena Rámila ◽  
Núria Rabella ◽  
José Manuel Muñoz ◽  
Mercé Peyret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections

Abstract During a 2-year period, 157 consecutive episodes of respiratory virus infections that occurred in 130 patients with upper or lower respiratory tract infection were analyzed for respiratory viruses. A respiratory virus was identified in 75 episodes (48%), and several viruses were found in 13 episodes: there were a total of 56 influenza A virus infections, 14 respiratory syncytial virus infections, 8 adenovirus infections, 8 infections with parainfluenza virus types 1 or 3, and 7 enterovirus infections. On multivariate analysis, the only variable that predicted progression to pneumonia in patients with an upper respiratory tract infection was the presence of respiratory syncytial virus, whereas lymphocytopenia had a nonsignificant trend. Also, among the 38 patients who had pneumonia at any time during the episode, both respiratory syncytial virus and lymphocytopenia were commonly found. For both epidemiological and therapeutic considerations, frequent screening for respiratory viruses should be incorporated into the routine diagnostic study of patients with hematologic malignancies.

scholarly journals Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Activation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Is a Determinant of Respiratory Virus Entry and Tropism

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (21) ◽  
pp. 11359-11373 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Marchant ◽  
Gurpreet K. Singhera ◽  
Soraya Utokaparch ◽  
Tillie L. Hackett ◽  
John H. Boyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
P38 Mapk ◽  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Toll Like Receptor 4 ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections

ABSTRACT Respiratory viruses exert a heavy toll of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite this burden there are few specific treatments available for respiratory virus infections. Since many viruses utilize host cell enzymatic machinery such as protein kinases for replication, we determined whether pharmacological inhibition of kinases could, in principle, be used as a broad antiviral strategy for common human respiratory virus infections. A panel of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing recombinant respiratory viruses, including an isolate of H1N1 influenza virus (H1N1/Weiss/43), was used to represent a broad range of virus families responsible for common respiratory infections (Adenoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Orthomyxoviridae). Kinase inhibitors were screened in a high-throughput assay that detected virus infection in human airway epithelial cells (1HAEo-) using a fluorescent plate reader. Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling was able to significantly inhibit replication by all viruses tested. Therefore, the pathways involved in virus-mediated p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) MAPK activation were investigated using bronchial epithelial cells and primary fibroblasts derived from MyD88 knockout mouse lungs. Influenza virus, which activated p38 MAPK to approximately 10-fold-greater levels than did respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 1HAEo- cells, was internalized about 8-fold faster and more completely than RSV. We show for the first time that p38 MAPK is a determinant of virus infection that is dependent upon MyD88 expression and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligation. Imaging of virus-TLR4 interactions showed significant clustering of TLR4 at the site of virus-cell interaction, triggering phosphorylation of downstream targets of p38 MAPK, suggesting the need for a signaling receptor to activate virus internalization.

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