scholarly journals Empirical Studies for the Assessment of the Effectiveness of Design Patterns in Migration between Software Architectures of Embedded Applications

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Farah Lakhani ◽  
Michael J. Pont
Keyword(s):  
Design Patterns ◽  
Broad Class ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Software Architectures ◽  
Migration Process ◽  
Specific Goal ◽  
Develop Software ◽  
Embedded Applications ◽  
Improve Reliability

Two main architectures used to develop software for modern embedded applications are “event triggered” (ET) and “time triggered” (TT). ET designs involve creating systems which handle multiple interrupts; by contrast, only one interrupt is ever enabled in a TT design, and this interrupt is usually linked to a timer “Tick.” Although TT architectures are widely used in safety-related designs, they are less familiar to developers of mainstream embedded systems. The work on this research began from the premise that—for a broad class of systems—the use of a TT architecture would improve reliability. The overall goal of the work presented here was to identify ways in which the effort involved in migrating between existing ET architectures and “equivalent” TT architectures could be reduced. The specific goal of the research was to explore whether the use of an appropriate set of design patterns could assist developers who wished to migrate between ET and TT designs. An empirical evaluation of the efficacy of a newly proposed pattern collection is described in this paper. The results of these trials demonstrate that the proposed collection of patterns has the potential to support developers by helping them to take appropriate decisions during the migration process.

Energy-Aware Schedules Under Chip Reliability Constraint for Multi-Processor Systems-on-a-Chip

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (09) ◽  
pp. 2050135
Author(s):  
Hassan Salamy
Keyword(s):  
Low Energy ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Embedded Computing ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Energy Consumptions ◽  
Reliability Constraint ◽  
Power And Energy ◽  
Embedded Applications ◽  
Improve Reliability

Even though multi-core systems are effective architectures to overcome the limitation of single-core systems, techniques to improve reliability, throughput and power consumption are highly needed. With the increasing complexity of multi-processor systems-on-a-chip (MPSoCs) to handle the ever increasing complexity of embedded computing applications, the reliability of such systems is now a big concern in the industry. Complex MPSoCs typically have multiple execution modes with different throughput and reliability performances. These complex embedded systems are also expected to perform under minimum power and energy consumptions. In this paper, we present efficient techniques for low-energy and thermal-aware schedules that meet the deadlines under chip reliability constraints. The presented techniques under different objective functions are implemented and executed on multiple embedded applications under multiple underlying system architectures to show the performance and efficiency of the techniques.

Developing adaptable software architectures using design patterns: an NFR approach

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Chung ◽  
Kendra Cooper ◽  
Anna Yi
Keyword(s):  
Design Patterns ◽  
Software Architectures

Effects of learning design patterns in service learning courses

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl-Heinz Gerholz ◽  
Verena Liszt ◽  
Katrin B Klingsieck
Keyword(s):  
Service Learning ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Design Patterns ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Learning Design ◽  
Community Practice ◽  
Charitable Organizations ◽  
Curricular Content ◽  
Service Project

Students participate during service learning courses in a service project, which fits to a community need and has a link to curricular content. Students have a chance while engaged in the service project to apply curricular content in community practice, where they gain insights into civic engagement activities. Empirical studies revealed the effects of service learning, such as its influence on the self-concept, self-efficacy or attitudes to be engaged. However, a lack of research regarding the link between learning design patterns and the effectiveness of service learning can be found. Learning design patterns are teaching or methodical interventions to support the learning and service process of the students. This article presents a study on the experiences of students and charitable organizations in a service learning course concerning the learning design patterns. A mixed-methods design including questionnaires and interviews has been used. Significant effects regarding students’ development of their self-efficacy, self-concept and attitude to being engaged were found. The qualitative results provide a deeper understanding of these changes, including the different perspectives from students and from charitable organizations. The results show differences in the learning design patterns perceived and its support for the service and learning process.

scholarly journals An empirical evaluation of metrics on aspect-oriented programs

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Mazen Ismaeel Ghareb ◽  
Garry Allen
Keyword(s):  
Software Maintenance ◽  
Software Metrics ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Programming Quality ◽  
Dynamic Metrics

   The quality evaluation of software metrics measurement is considered as the primary indicator of imperfection prediction and software maintenance in various empirical studies of software products. However, there is no agreement on which metrics are compelling quality pointers for new software development approaches such as aspect-oriented programming (AOP) techniques. AOP intends to enhance programming quality by providing fundamentally different parts of the systems, for example, pointcuts, advice, and intertype relationships. Hence, it is not evident if quality characteristics for AOP could be extracted from direct expansions of traditional object-oriented programming (OOP) measurements. Then again, investigations of AOP do regularly depend on established static and dynamic metrics measurement; notwithstanding the late research of AOP in empirical studies, few analyses been adopted using the International Organization for Standardization 9126 quality model as useful markers of flaw inclination in this context. This paper examination we have considered different programming quality models given by various authors every once in a while and distinguished that adaptability was deficient in the current model. We have testing 10 projects developed by AOP. We have used many applications to extract the metrics, but none of them could extract all AOP Metrics. It only can measure some of AOP Metrics, not all of them. This study investigates the suitable framework for extract AOP Metrics, for instance, static and dynamic metrics measurement for hybrid application systems (AOP and OOP) or only AOP application.

scholarly journals On the impact of service-oriented patterns on software evolvability: a controlled experiment and metric-based analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e213
Author(s):  
Justus Bogner ◽  
Stefan Wagner ◽  
Alfred Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Design Patterns ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Controlled Experiment ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Metric Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Background Design patterns are supposed to improve various quality attributes of software systems. However, there is controversial quantitative evidence of this impact. Especially for younger paradigms such as service- and Microservice-based systems, there is a lack of empirical studies. Objective In this study, we focused on the effect of four service-based patterns—namely Process Abstraction, Service Façade, Decomposed Capability, and Event-Driven Messaging—on the evolvability of a system from the viewpoint of inexperienced developers. Method We conducted a controlled experiment with Bachelor students (N = 69). Two functionally equivalent versions of a service-based web shop—one with patterns (treatment group), one without (control group)—had to be changed and extended in three tasks. We measured evolvability by the effectiveness and efficiency of the participants in these tasks. Additionally, we compared both system versions with nine structural maintainability metrics for size, granularity, complexity, cohesion, and coupling. Results Both experiment groups were able to complete a similar number of tasks within the allowed 90 min. Median effectiveness was 1/3. Mean efficiency was 12% higher in the treatment group, but this difference was not statistically significant. Only for the third task, we found statistical support for accepting the alternative hypothesis that the pattern version led to higher efficiency. In the metric analysis, the pattern version had worse measurements for size and granularity while simultaneously having slightly better values for coupling metrics. Complexity and cohesion were not impacted. Interpretation For the experiment, our analysis suggests that the difference in efficiency is stronger with more experienced participants and increased from task to task. With respect to the metrics, the patterns introduce additional volume in the system, but also seem to decrease coupling in some areas. Conclusions Overall, there was no clear evidence for a decisive positive effect of using service-based patterns, neither for the student experiment nor for the metric analysis. This effect might only be visible in an experiment setting with higher initial effort to understand the system or with more experienced developers.

Trade Blocs, Trade Flows, and International Conflict

2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward D. Mansfield ◽  
Jon C. Pevehouse
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Broad Class ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Trade Blocs ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Preferential Trading Arrangements ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Common Markets

The relationship between foreign trade and political conflict has been a persistent source of controversy among scholars of international relations. Existing empirical studies of this topic have focused on the effects of trade flows on conflict, but they have largely ignored the institutional context in which trade is conducted. In this article we present some initial quantitative results pertaining to the influence on military disputes of preferential trading arrangements (PTAs), a broad class of commercial institutions that includes free trade areas, common markets, and customs unions. We argue that parties to the same PTA are less prone to disputes than other states and that hostilities between PTA members are less likely to occur as trade flows rise between them. Moreover, we maintain that heightened commerce is more likely to inhibit conflict between states that belong to the same preferential grouping than between states that do not. Our results accord with this argument. Based on an analysis of the period since World War II, we find that trade flows have relatively little effect on the likelihood of disputes between states that do not participate in the same PTA. Within PTAs, however, there is a strong, inverse relationship between commerce and conflict. Parties to such an arrangement are less likely to engage in hostilities than other states, and the likelihood of a military dispute dips markedly as trade increases between them.

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