scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Increasing Antimicrobial Resistance of Vibrio cholerae on the Future Trends of Cholera Epidemic

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steady Mushayabasa ◽  
Claver P. Bhunu
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Intestinal Infection ◽  
Cholera Epidemic ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

Cholera, an acute intestinal infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, remains a major public health problem in many parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. A mathematical model is developed, to assess the impact of increasing antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio cholerae on the future trends of the cholera epidemic. Equilibrium states of the model are determined and their stabilities have been examined. The impacts of increasing antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio cholerae on the future trends of cholera epidemic have been investigated through the reproductive number. Numerical results are provided to support analytical findings.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Drug Resistance on the Transmission Dynamics of Typhoid Fever

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mushayabasa ◽  
C. P. Bhunu ◽  
E. T. Ngarakana-Gwasira
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
The Impact

Typhoid fever continues to be a major public health problem in the developing world. Antibiotic therapy has been the main stay of treating typhoid fever for decades. The emergence of drug-resistant typhoid strain in the last two decades has been a major problem in tackling this scourge. A mathematical model for investigating the impact of drug resistance on the transmission dynamics of typhoid fever is developed. The reproductive number for the model has been computed. Numerical results in this study suggest that when a typhoid outbreak occurs with more drug-sensitive cases than drug-resistant cases, then it may take 10–15 months for symptomatic drug-resistant cases to outnumber all typhoid cases, and it may take an average of 15–20 months for nonsymptomatic drug-resistant cases to outnumber all drug-sensitive cases.

scholarly journals Mandatory annuitization and money's worth: evidence from Singapore

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Joelle H. Fong ◽  
Jackie Li
Keyword(s):  
Expected Value ◽  
Longevity Risk ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Population Mortality ◽  
Mortality Improvement ◽  
Life Annuities ◽  
Compulsory Purchase ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper examines the impact of uncertainties in the future trends of mortality on annuity values in Singapore's compulsory purchase market. We document persistent population mortality improvement trends over the past few decades, which underscores the importance of longevity risk in this market. Using the money's worth framework, we find that the life annuities delivered expected payouts valued at 1.019–1.185 (0.973–1.170) per dollar of annuity premium for males (females). Even in a low mortality improvement scenario, the annuities provide an expected value exceeding 0.950. This suggests that participants in the national annuity pool have access to attractively priced annuities, regardless of sex, product, and premium invested.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal dynamics of schistosomiasis in Rwanda between 2001 and 2012: impact of the national Neglected Tropical Disease control programme

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Nyandwi ◽  
Tom Veldkamp ◽  
Frank Badu Osei ◽  
Sherif Amer
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Scan Statistics ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Incidence Data ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact

Schistosomiasis is recognised as a major public health problem in Rwanda. We aimed to identify the spatio-temporal dynamics of its distribution at a fine-scale spatial resolution and to explore the impact of control programme interventions. Incidence data of Schistosoma mansoni infection at 367 health facilities were obtained for the period 2001-2012. Disease cluster analyses were conducted using spatial scan statistics and geographic information systems. The impact of control interventions was assessed for three distinct sub-periods. Findings demonstrated persisting, emerging and re-emerging clusters of schistosomiasis infection across space and time. The control programme initially caused an abrupt increase in incidence rates during its implementation phase. However, this was followed by declining and disappearing clusters when the programme was fully in place. The findings presented should contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of schistosomiasis distribution to be used when implementing future control activities, including prevention and elimination efforts.

scholarly journals SQoF-WEAR Project. The Use of Wearable Devices to Identify the Impact of Stress on Workers’ Quality of Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Patricia Concheiro-Moscoso ◽  
Betania Groba ◽  
Sílvia Monteiro-Fonseca ◽  
Nereida Canosa ◽  
Cristina Queirós
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
The University ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

(1) Background: Stress is a major public health problem due to its relevant health, social and economic repercussions. Moreover, stress can be associated with work; when stress increases over time, burnout can occur, an occupational phenomenon recognized by the WHO in 2019. There is interest in the use of wearable devices to monitor and control stressors and their influence on the condition of workers. This study aims to identify the level of job stress and its influence on the quality of life of workers. (2) Methods:This longitudinal study was carried out between the end of May and mid-July 2021. Three assessment tools along with a daily and a weekly questionnaire were computerized through the RedCap platform. The participants had to fill out the diary and weekly questionnaires and wear a Xiaomi Mi Band 5 during the project. (3) Results and discussion: Thirty-six workers from the University of Coruña and from the University of Porto participated in the project. This study promotes the awareness of workers regarding their work stress and the influence of this factor on their quality of life using physiological (e.g., activity, sleep, and heart rate) and psychological indicators (self-report questionnaires in different moments).

scholarly journals Update on the drug-food interactions

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
Hafid Bahri ◽  
◽  
Abdelkader Douaoui ◽  
Moufida Gharbi ◽  
Djamila Amroun
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Renal Clearance ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitor ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Interaction ◽  
The Impact

Drug interactions are a major public health problem, which partly attributed to some 10,000 deaths/year in Canada. Besides the interactions between two drugs, drug interactions are also due to the effect of other substances such as foods or nutrients. The drug-food interaction will be pharmacokinetic (affecting the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination) or pharmacodynamic interaction. It is in the intestine that food may have the greatest impact with mainly a change in the amount of drugs absorbed that may be clinically significant for some drugs with narrow therapeutic index (cyclosporine, phenytoin, theophylline, etc.). The absorption of the drug in the presence of food will be determined by the particular physicochemical properties of the drug but also by the impact of food on one of the parameters determining the absorption such as: modified gastric acidity and emptying, the fat content of the food, the use of common transport between the drug and nutrients, chemical reactions between elements and drugs. Fasting situations or malnutrition can affect the distribution of drugs by increasing the free drug fraction, involving sometimes the risk of overdose. Diet affects drug metabolism by changing the activity of cytochrome P450. Most often is described the increase by grapefruit juice (enzyme inhibitor) of plasma concentrations of some drugs (cyclosporine, some statins, and calcium antagonists). Other foods (garlic, smoked meats and fish, caffeine) may increase metabolism. Diet can influence two stages of renal clearance (glomerular filtration - tubular reabsorption) by modifying urine pH or renal clearance. Pharmacodynamic interactions are also monitored, especially foods rich in vitamin k or tyramine with antivitamins K or MAOIs. Finally, health professionals must mobilize against these interactions, including through patient information.

scholarly journals Etiology of Diarrhea Requiring Hospitalization in Bangladesh by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, 2014–2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mami Taniuchi ◽  
Kamrul Islam ◽  
Md Abu Sayeed ◽  
James A Platts-Mills ◽  
Md Taufiqul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background Diarrhea remains a major public health problem and characterization of its etiology is needed to prioritize interventions. However, most data are from single-site studies of children. We tested samples from participants of any age from 11 geographically diverse hospitals in Bangladesh to describe pathogen-specific burdens of diarrhea. Methods We utilized 2 existing diarrhea surveillance systems: a Nationwide network at 10 sentinel hospitals and at the icddr,b hospital. We tested stools from enrolled participants and nondiarrheal controls for enteropathogens using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and calculated pathogen-specific attributable fractions (AFs) of diarrhea. Results We analyzed 5516 patients with diarrhea and 735 controls. Overall, rotavirus had the highest attributable burden of diarrhea (Nationwide AF, 17.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.3–20.9%; icddr,b AF, 39.9%; 38.0–41.8%), followed by adenovirus 40/41 (Nationwide AF, 17.9%; 95% CI: 13.9–21.9%; icddr,b AF, 16.6%; 95% CI, 14.4–19.4%) and Vibrio cholerae (Nationwide AF, 10.2%; 95% CI, 9.1–11.3%; icddr,b AF, 13.3%; 95% CI: 11.9–15.1%). Rotavirus was the leading pathogen in children <5 years and was consistent across the sites (coefficient of variation = 56.3%). Adenovirus 40/41 was the second leading pathogen in both children and adults. Vibrio cholerae was the leading pathogen in individuals >5 years old, but was more geographically variable (coefficient of variation = 71.5%). Other attributable pathogens included astrovirus, norovirus, Shigella, Salmonella, ETEC, sapovirus, and typical EPEC. Conclusions Rotavirus, adenovirus 40/41, and V. cholerae were the leading etiologies of infectious diarrhea requiring hospitalization in Bangladesh. Other pathogens were important in certain age groups or sites.

scholarly journals Progress in Research on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Causing Neurological Diseases and Its Infection Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lintao Wang ◽  
Zhiguang Ren ◽  
Li Ma ◽  
Yanjie Han ◽  
Wenqiang Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Great Harm

COVID-19 has spread rapidly worldwide since its outbreak and has now become a major public health problem. More and more evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 may not only affect the respiratory system but also cause great harm to the central nervous system. Therefore, it is extremely important to explore in-depth the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the nervous system. In this paper, the possible mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 invading the central nervous system during COVID-19, and the neurological complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection were reviewed.

scholarly journals Animal Models of Undernutrition and Enteropathy as Tools for Assessment of Nutritional Intervention.

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salameh ◽  
Morel ◽  
Zeilani ◽  
Déchelotte ◽  
Marion-Letellier
Keyword(s):  
Growth Failure ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Gut Function ◽  
Environmental Enteric Dysfunction ◽  
Clinical Models ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The Impact

: Undernutrition is a major public health problem leading to 1 in 5 of all deaths in children under 5 years. Undernutrition leads to growth stunting and/or wasting and is often associated with environmental enteric dysfunction (EED). EED mechanisms leading to growth failure include intestinal hyperpermeability, villus blunting, malabsorption and gut inflammation. As non-invasive methods for investigating gut function in undernourished children are limited, pre-clinical models are relevant to elucidating the pathophysiological processes involved in undernutrition and EED, and to identifying novel therapeutic strategies. In many published models, undernutrition was induced using protein or micronutrient deficient diets, but these experimental models were not associated with EED. Enteropathy models mainly used gastrointestinal injury triggers. These models are presented in this review. We found only a few studies investigating the combination of undernutrition and enteropathy. This highlights the need for further developments to establish an experimental model reproducing the impact of undernutrition and enteropathy on growth, intestinal hyperpermeability and inflammation, that could be suitable for preclinical evaluation of innovative therapeutic intervention.

Exploring the Relationship Between Area Characteristics and Self-Harm

Crisis ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Johnston ◽  
Jayne Cooper ◽  
Navneet Kapur
Keyword(s):  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Self-harm is strongly associated with later suicide and it is a major public health problem in its own right in many countries. There is a lack of evidence for effective individual level interventions following self-harm. Ecological studies examining the relationship between area characteristics and self-harm have yielded some interesting descriptive data but have had a number of limitations. Methodological and statistical developments in other fields of research may assist in building on findings to date. For example: The concept of social capital potentially provides a structure for examining sociocultural aspects of area; the use of more specific measures of locality will assist in studying area influences more fully; multilevel modelling may help to resolve the ecological fallacy through specifying variance attributable to factors at multiple levels simultaneously; areas in transition may provide natural conditions in which to investigate the impact of changing social environment. The potential utility of these new approaches is discussed with examples. Further investigation of the relationship between self-harm and area characteristics in a wide variety of settings may help to develop area-based interventions. Such interventions may have the potential to effect significant reductions in suicidal behavior.

scholarly journals The Impact of Edentulism on Oral and General Health

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Emami ◽  
Raphael Freitas de Souza ◽  
Marla Kabawat ◽  
Jocelyne S. Feine
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
General Health ◽  
Chronic Condition ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Preventive Dentistry ◽  
Disease Indicators ◽  
The Impact

An adequate dentition is of importance for well-being and life quality. Despite advances in preventive dentistry, edentulism is still a major public health problem worldwide. In this narrative review, we provide a perspective on the pathways that link oral to general health. A better understanding of disease indicators is necessary for establishing a solid strategy through an organized oral health care system to prevent and treat this morbid chronic condition.

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